Personal and Professional Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal and Professional Practice - Essay Example People plagiarize because it looks like the easiest and quick thing to do when writing a project or even assignments. Author Ian Fleming wrote a novel with two of his colleagues, but he never mentioned them as co writers, he got sued by his colleagues and fined for plagiarism (Wainwright 2008, p.18). This amounted to plagiarism as he did not involve his counterparts in the final edition of the book yet they participated in its writing. Copying someone else’s work without their permission is plagiarism. A number of famous authors have become dodged with a number of controversies dealing with their books. Authors like Dan Brown and Lynda l Plante are just but examples of leading authors, who have battled court cases related to plagiarism (Arnold 2008). In order to avoid plagiarism in any of the work, one should be able to reference correctly all the ideas, materials, and theories that have been applied (Braniac 2012, p.6). Any individual reading your work should have the ability of telling exactly where the information is from. Read your work over and over again to  ensure that there is no plagiarism before handing in your assignment (Cottrell 2008, p. 41). . One should be able to reference directly, for example and also indirectly (Arnold 2008). One should be able to posses the knowledge of putting his or her own ideas in their assessment. In order to avoid plagiarism, one should use quotation marks, indirect referencing or at the same time, placing different ideas into your own personal words and including a reference at the end of each sentence (Cottrell 2008, p. 54). Referencing your work effectively and properly will prevent plagiarism from happening (Braniac 2012, p.6). Another way of avoiding plagiarism is by educating the students of the issue. Teachers should not assume that the students know what plagiarism is, even if they pretend to know what it is. The students should be provided with an explicit definition of plagiarism (Arnold 2008). Even when revising or paraphrasing another person’s words, or even just using their ideas, the author must still be given credit in a note (Wolff 2012, p.3). Ignoring crediting the appropriate authors, amount to lying. Students should include an annotated bibliography in their works. This should include a brief summary of the source, its location and also an evaluation about the importance of the source (Braniac 2012, p.6). Writers should be aware of the sources of the papers. Plagiarism detector should be used to check the levels of plagiarism (Wolff 2012, p.1). These detectors will enable the students prevent issues of plagiarism in their work or reports (Cottrell 2008, p. 28). Plagiarism is an offence; anyone doing it will be heavily punished. Bibliography Arnold, B, 2008, Caslon Analytics plagiarism incidents, Retrieved August 13, 2012, from http://www.caslon.com.au/plagiarismcasesnote.htm Braniac, A, 2012, How to Prevent Plagiarism, eHow, 6. Cottrell, S, 2008, The Study Skill s Handbook, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Wainwright, M, 2008, Persaud suspended from practice for three months over plagiarism, The Guardian, 18. Wolff, J, 2012, Does plagiarism matter? Answer in your own words, The Guardian, 2-4. Personal and Professional Practice Name: Institution: Why is plagiarism viewed to be such a grave offence? Plagiarism is duplicating someone’s work claiming to be yours. People who commit plagiarism steal other

Ethnic group Essay Example for Free

Ethnic group Essay In this section, we will discuss race, ethnicity, and multiculturalism and how they are depicted in the show. These concepts are somehow illustrated in this television series. Race, in the American society, has been typified by black skin color. The unique cultural traits and the sense of community African-Americans share reflect their ethnicity. On the other hand, Kady, the youngest child in the Kyle family, represents multiculturalism through her knowledge of multiple languages. The following section will define, operationalize, and describe these concepts and how they are evident in the show. Race is a category of people used to differentiate people in terms of physical appearance, particularly skin color. People who have the same physical characteristics are from the same race. The concept that is used to operationalize race is skin color. In this show, the dominant race is â€Å"black† but there are a few characters that are â€Å"white. † People who have a dark skin color are considered non-Caucasians. In this series, the racial minority is the Caucasian because the non-Caucasians are the dominant group that makes up most of the characters. Therefore, race is largely unmentioned during the show because most of the characters are from the same race. However, there is one episode in season two where there was an argument between two different races, the Caucasians and the non-Caucasian. At the beginning of this episode, Michael is forced to take his family out for a meal. He is annoyed when he realized that the restaurant is expensive and the service isn’t good enough. Michael’s evening worsens as he gets to sit next to Stuart Tyler’s family, a guy whom he got angry at in the gas station for taking to long to gas up his tank. A few minutes later, Stuart starts insulting Michael’s kids, citing their smell, while Michael insults Stuart’s kids by telling Stuart that â€Å"they look like squirrels. † Afterwards, Michael apologizes to Stuart but seconds later they argue again on who’s the bigger man. They make amends again but then argue cause Stuart held Michael’s lobster without washing his hands after urinating. When they starting singing â€Å"Happy Birthday† for Stuart’s wife, Stuart interrupts in the middle and is irritated by the fact that Michael isn’t singing. The arguing just keeps going and going and things never got any better. They leave the restaurant at odds with one another. Michael and Stuart’s altercation evidenced friction between Caucasian and non-Caucasians but apart from this episode, race is not a point of reference throughout the scope of the show. Consequently, race is insignificant in this show and is proven to be unimportant within the Kyle family. An ethnic group is a group of people who have common national or cultural characteristics. An ethnic group has five main characteristics: (1) unique cultural traits such as language, clothing, holiday, or religious practices; (2) a sense of community; (3) a feeling of ethnocentrism; (4) ascribed membership from birth; and (5) tendency to occupy a distinct geographic area (Caron 269). The social structures ethnicity groups strengthen social solidarity. Social structures are the stable pattern of social relationships that exist within a group or society (Soci1002E, Lect. 5, 2012). The main ethnic group in the show is the African-Americans. The unique cultural traits and the sense of belonging is what will be used to operationalize ethnicity. The sense of belonging within the African-Americans in the show is what empowers this ethnic group. A social structure is the stable pattern of social relationships that exists within a particular group or society (Soci 1002E, Lecture 6, 2012). The African-Americans in the show share the same language, and a sense of belonging. The language that the African-Americans use is English as it is their first language in their country and state. Michael’s youngest daughter is learning Spanish and Swahili but her mother tongue is English. Throughout the show, the Kyle family develops relationships with other African-Americans individuals. Michael married an African-American woman. Junior impregnated an African-American woman; Vanessa. Claire and Kady retain African-American boyfriends. Also, Junior has many African-Americans friends. All these relationships prove that the African-American community shares a sense of belonging. The language and the sense of community is what make the African-Americans a powerful ethnic group in the show. Multiculturalism is a philosophy that respects ethnic diversity within a community that encourages people to learn about other cultures. A multicultural person acknowledges and accepts diverse cultures other than his or her own and tries to learn from them. The way this concept is measured is by understanding and learning other cultures, especially through its’ language. Kady Kyle, Michael’s youngest child, is the precocious one out of Michael’s sons and daughters. She is referred to as â€Å"the cute one† because she is the youngest one in the family. â€Å"The cute one† strongly supports the idea of multiculturalism through her musical talent. In the Episode †Making the Grade†, the Kyle family are sitting at a table while Michael Kylie checks out his sons’ report card. After they are done celebrating Claire’s outstanding report card, Michael calls on Kady to come and sit on his lap. Kady innocently says, â€Å"I don’t have a report card. † â€Å"Yes, but you do go to school, right? You go to music class. How are you doing there? † replies her father. â€Å"Well, I learned a new song called Itsy Bitsy Spider† she answered. Her father then claims that he never heard this song before and asks her to sing it for him. She starts singing the song until he father interrupts her and tells her to sing the song in Spanish. So she starts singing in Spanish until her father tell hers to sing it in Swahili, a language spoken by several countries in East Africa. Kady is learning about other cultures through their language at a very young age. She is willing to learn more about other languages and is doing so through an artistic way. She found an interesting way to connect music and culture together which is very smart for someone her age. By choosing this concept, we concentrated on the cultural diversity aspect of the television show. This scene allowed us to demonstrate my knowledge in understanding the sociological concept, multiculturalism. The scene depicts a multicultural young girl who is eager to discover other cultures, especially its’ language. To conclude, these three concepts are demonstrated in a way or the other. After operationalizing, analyzing these sociological concepts, and applying them in My Wife and Kids, we discovered that ethnicity and multiculturalism are clearly portrayed, while race isn’t really significant in the show. Race isn’t really depicted in the show but the constant disagreement between Michael and Stuart reveals a slight conflict between the non-Caucasians and the Caucasians. The African-Americans have proven that they are a strong ethnic group through their culture and sense of community. In the show, they all speak the same language and have several relationships between each other. Kady Kyle’s comprehension of other cultures is what ascertains that multiculturalism is evident in the show.

robert frost :: essays research papers fc

Moraru Teodora-Bianca IIIrd year, German-English gr. I. The Psychological Origins and the Effects of the Hobbyhorse in Laurence Sterne’s â€Å"Tristram Shandy† Defying Dr. Samuel Johnson’s statement that â€Å"Nothing odd will do long†, Laurence Sterne’s eccentric masterpiece, â€Å"The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman†, an extended act of meditation upon story-telling based on John Locke’s philosophical theory of the association of ideas, became a notable forerunner of the modern English novel, celebrating the infinite possibilities of the art of fiction. Undoubtedly, one of the most crucial philosophical literary works of the 18th century was John Locke’s â€Å"Essay Concerning Human Understanding†, which had a tremendous influence on the writers of his time and also on the worldwide approach to terms such as â€Å"the nature of thought† and â€Å"human consciousness†. In his â€Å"Essay†, Locke stated important theories about the sequence of ideas and their interrelation, which profoundly influenced Sterne and became the basis of much of the seemingly arbitrary structure of his comic metanovel, â€Å"Tristram Shandy†. Sterne adopted in particular two of Locke’s concepts. First, the association of ideas, by which certain ideas, either by accident or because they have some particular significance, become so closely linked in a man’s mind that he cannot think of any of them without inevitably calling up all the others as well, in the same order in which he had prieviously experienced them. Secondly, the train of ideas, which is a more general concept of the mind as being constantly in motion, with the result that one idea automatically suggests another in some way similar to it, which in turn leads on to something else. Sterne uses this latter concept as an explanation for much of the seemingly eccentric behaviour of his characters and as a basis for many of the dazzling transitions of time and space which take place in the novel. John Locke considered the ideas as being the fundamental building blocks of all human thought, also stating the fact that â€Å"all our knowledge and ideas arise from experience† and that there are no innate ideas. He viewed the human mind as a â€Å"tabula rasa†, a â€Å"white paper, void of all characters, without any Ideas†. This empty room of the mind is gradually furnished with ideas of two sorts: first we obtain ideas of things we suppose to exist outside us in the physical world by sensation, and secondly we come to ideas of our own mental operations by reflection.

Compare Historical and Current Features of Public Health Essay

This essay will compare the 19th, 20th and 21st century in relation to the main public health strategies used in United Kingdom. It will also compare the similarities and differences of the living conditions in towns and cities between the three named centuries above. In comparing the differences between 19th, 20th and 21st century, the living conditions in the 19th century caused so many deaths. This is because health was very poor and people went through many health issues such as poor and over-crowded housing which caused the rapid spread of diseases, pollution and poor environment as people were ignorant to the causes and consequences of the pollution and poor sewage system which brought about terrible smell that was unbearable for living. Additionally, the poor law system in the 19th century, this strategy was set to take care of the under privileged mentioned above, such as the lower class people. Moreover in the 19th century, there was an episode of cholera outbreak which claimed so many lives. The cholera episode that was killing people became an interest to Dr John Snow (1813-1858). He did various investigations and he eventually found pointed out in his investigation a particular water supply that was coming from the contaminated River Thames was the cause of the cholera outbreak. In Beveridge’s report in the 20th century, it helped to bring a change to the educational standards in the areas that were highly affected by poverty. The Beveridge report stated that all working people must pay weekly contributions, those contributions were used as benefits by the government to pay people who were sick, unemployed, retired and widowed. The benefits helped the under privileged to meet some of their basic needs which were impossible for them in the 19th century. The National Health Service came into effectiveness by Clement Attlee’s, who was one of the members of the Labour Government due to the outcome of Snow’s report. With the 21st century, the public health was drastically changed compared to the 19th and 20th century. This was because the public health white paper, choosing health: making healthy choices easier, (2004) was introduced as the awareness of health was growing in size which forced the government to bring bout the public health white paper. This document promoted societal fairness, dealing with broad causes of ill-health, inequality in the society as well as identifying individuals needs to support and empower them. In the 21th century, people are more informed; technology and science have improved, making better medical system more efficient and effective with more improved living conditions, compared to the two previous centuries. The similarities between the 19th, 20th and 21st Century was that famous personalities mentioned above aimed at improving the health of the populace over time. They all carried out numerous investigations and research to bring about positive results. In the 21st, there was the Health Protection Agency, an independent organisation that focuses on protecting individuals’ health throughout the UK. There is also the National Institute for Clinical Excellency also an independent organisation; their responsibility is to provide national guidance and treatment of ill-health which has improved the living standard, condition and a huge improvement of health in the wider UK population. Conclusion Before public health came into effect living condition was very poor causing premature death. There was also inequality; the wealthy could afford to live in better areas, good education and to pay for good medical treatment. The under privileged were left with no choice but to live one day at a time. In the 20th and 21st century, there were so many strategies used to improve health and inequality in Britain. However in the 21th century, there were more strategies implemented to improve public health which were set out in a document and had three foundation values. All these was put together to improve, protect and empower the lives of individuals in the UK population.

The Sustainabile Production Of Palm Oil Environmental Sciences Essay

This undertaking is centered on how the sustainability construction can be used to aline the environmental friendly patterns of palm oil production. It gathers together the fiscal and economic, environmental and societal dimensions of the concern. The methodological analysis consists of a straightforward analysis of the sustainability construct that includes three indispensable facets. The foremost one is the high income program of humanising the fiscal, economic and societal benefits and diminishing the environmental effects of the activities of oil thenar agribusiness over both the short- and long-terms. Second, in beef uping relationships and partnerships by familiarising and working with the employees, investors and stakeholders to talk about their demands and those of the industry in increasing the production of high quality merchandises from palm oil and its merchandises. The 3rd one is by meaning the dependability and committedness in continuing the high ethical motives of the industry in its daily procedures by bring forthing zero waste by full usage of its byproducts thereby diminishing pollution. It is our belief that industries are making the right thing by doing sustainability a portion of its twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activity and it is besides our strong belief that the policies identified in the sustainability model are for the healthier growing of the industry in the twenty-first century.Work-packagesAt the clip this undertaking proposal was made, the word packaging is associated with the aim of this undertaking. They include To truly understand the value usage of the thenar oil To happen out other economic values of the oil thenar To place the by -products of oil thenar after treating and ways to better on the waste that is been generated. To truly understand the utility of a thenar tree. It is truly of import to understand that every portion of a thenar tree is significantly utile The procedures involved in the production of a thenar tree. To foreground ways in which palm oil production could be made more feasible in the production concatenation. To measure the possible part of clean ( er ) engineering to increase the environmental public presentation of the rough palm oil industry To analyze application barriers for cleaner production in rough palm oil industry To bring forth constructs for traveling the palm oil industry towards sustainabilityExpected ResultsIt is expected that this undertaking will demo assorted procedures involved in the production of palm oil. It will besides foreground countries that require betterment in footings of electricity coevals which could be used at the factory, watercourse production which is used in the sterilisation procedure utilizing the waste that is been generated from the factory. This undertaking will travel a long manner in doing us to understand the assorted merchandises which could be produced from the waste generated from the factory like the empty fruit brunch which could be in the production of soap and detergents, other merchandises which could be made from nonedible palm oil like Candles, Printing inks, Biodiesel, acids to lubricate fibres in the fabric industry, Cosmetics.Technical hazard anticipatedThis undertaking will non be expecting any proficient hazard. This is because the undertaking would be based on the research and audience from relevant thenar oil factory.Resources needSome of import resources will be needed for this undertaking. These resources will include: Internet information Information from oil factory Library informationBeneficiaries of the workThis undertaking will learn me some of import utilizations of palm oil and besides others uses that could be obtained from the waste that is been generated from the factory. I will besides larn some environmental issues that will be associated with the production of palm oil. This undertaking will be good to industries that produce palm oil for the efficient and feasible ways of palm oil production.IntroductionHistorical development of the universe thenar oilThe beginning of palm oil started in the rain wood of West Africa, where it was used as a footing of oil and vitamins. Its ingestion has been for more than 5,000 old ages. ( Chavalparit, 2006 ) Presently the oil thenar tree can be seen in many tropical states in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The most critical countries of oil thenar agribusiness is in South East Asia. States like Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand produce about 80 % of the universe ‘s palm oil ( Gopal, 2001 ) . Oil thenar seeds were introduced to Indonesia and Malaysia in 1848 and 1875 severally and the first industrial oil thenar plantation was introduced in Malaysia in 1917. ( Chavalparit, 2006 ) The autumn in monetary value gum elastic in the late 1920s exhilarated the agribusiness of oil thenar in Malaysia at that clip ; Nig eria and Zaire were the prima thenar oil manufacturers in the universe. From 1960-1995, the palm oil industry in Malaysia displayed a really fast development and of all time since it has been the universe ‘s prima exporter of thenar oil since 1966 replacing Nigeria, which had been the major maker and exporter since the debut of palm oil into the universe market. ( Chavalparit, 2006 ) More late, sustainability has received inordinate consideration with battles to integrate it into the palm oil concern scheme. In the sustainability model, the environmental, economic and societal characteristics are studied for their influences in both the short-run and long-terms. The three pronged policy of high income, value add-on and nothing waste are examined as portion of the journey towards corporate sustainability. Making so has one time once more revealed the benefits of the harvest in supplying oil to the universe. Oil thenar ( Elaeis guineensis ) was originated in the tropical rain forest part of West Africa and is one of the taking commercial oil harvests in that part. ( FAO ) The agribusiness of oil thenar serves as a agency of income for several people and truly the agrarian civilization of 1000000s of people in West Africa. The mention to oil thenar as a harvest of several values underlines its pecuniary importance. It consist of critical constituents which includes ; the fronds, the foliages, the bole and the roots which are used for legion intents which ranges from palm oil, thenar meat oil, thenar vino, broom, and palm meats cake. Review on the sustainable agribusiness is critical due to the planetary involvement on how palm oil plantations have evolved and a set of principles/ guidelines are necessary for the production of palm oil. Many indispensable advantages are antecedently within the oil thenar system of works physiology of high productiveness and effectual C assimilation. Oil th enar is ascribed with its great oil output per unit country. It yields two types of oils from the same fruit. They are palm meats oil from the seed or kernel inside the hard-shell mesocarp and palm oil from the flesh or meso carp. ( Y. Basiron, 2007 ) The thenar meat besides produces a left over merchandise which is known as thenar meat repast, which could be used to feed animate beings. These oils are taken out by cautious split-up at different phases of the milling procedure. The production of Palm meat is about 10 % of the sum of palm oil produced. Both oils have dissimilar utilizations and market mercantile establishments. The oil from the flesh or mesocarp ( palm oil ) is used mostly for nutrient, while the oil from the meat goes largely into the oleochemical industry for the production of soaps, detergents and toilet articles merchandises. Numerous biomass merchandises produced from the oil thenar are non used up efficaciously. Production workss or handle oil Millss often prod uce big sums of fibre-type merchandises which are in the signifier of empty fruit Bunches and fruit mesocarp fibers, which are besides used back in the plantation for mulching and other agricultural intents. Fruits fiber and the meat shell are used to bring forth electricity and steam for the factory by firing them inside the boiler. The easiness to entree energy at the factory helps to cut down the cost of palm oil production in relation to the energy required to pull out the meat and the oil. The oil been produced from the thenar histories for approximately 10 % of the entire dry biomass while the other 90 % shows a important beginning of fibre cellulosic stuff which awaits commercial use. It could be anticipated that upcoming biofuel will be centered on the alteration of cellulosic fiber or biomass into liquid fuel. This makes the oil thenar truly attractive as a approaching beginning of renewable energy from the biomass which, if decently harnessed sagely, will heighten the sust ainable production of palm oil. In the bio-based economic system, the handiness of biomass as feedstock for energy and merchandises will reasonably depend on the remains obtained from the agro-food concatenation. In this survey, the thought of increasing the sustainability of the thenar oil value concatenation will be expounded with the purpose to reap a verifiable sustainable biomass. It is made known that a common usage of both the valued comestible oil and biomass remains will ensue in a more sustainable value concatenation. In other words, it should be environmentally sound, economically feasible and socially acceptable. Palm oil production produces big measures of biomass byproduct which is five times the oil production and they are non utilised efficaciously to add value to the production concatenation. The present thenar oil production agreement is largely seen as unsustainable because of negative effects on biodiversity such as harm of virgin woods and nursery gas emanations related with bing waste dumping methods. The ingestion of byproducts for energy and green chemicals provides positions for be aftering a â€Å" certified † sustainable nutrient oil production concatenation that will accommodate good in the development of a bio-based economic system. The chief subjects for treatment of sustainable palm oil production so far, has focused on the jobs of plague and H2O direction, rain forest loss, biodiversity, dirt birthrate and reproduction and the emanation of nursery gasses. Exploiting the gettable energy that could be obtained from the biomass byproducts has been known and in most instances remains from oil production are used to present the energy necessary to run the works operation. This survey will concentrate at chances to work the bountifully gettable biomass wastes ( fiber, imperativeness bar, thenar foreparts, empty fruit Bunches, shells, etc. ) as renewable resources for fresh merchandises and energy that develop the sustainability of the palm oil production.ApproachFirst the possible usage of palm oil byproducts as a sustainable biomass beginning would be assessed by researching the gross handiness of byproducts, so factors to be considered in finding the possible net biomass handiness. The ensuing stairss will be tak en: The entire production of end-products and byproducts will be enumerated by giving a gross biomass production image. Then the bing concrete and jutting utilizations of the byproducts will be made available, in add-on, a belief treatment on the operation rate and efficiency of the usage, possible restraints will be reported to do byproducts available for energy and other usage. A short treatment will be given on the possibility of increasing the sustainability of the palm oil production by optimum byproduct use for energy and other intentsMerchandises and byproducts in the palm oil production concatenationBelow is the list of merchandises and by merchandises in the palm oil production concatenation at the field and at the factory. Palm meats cake PKC Crude palm oil CPO Kernel oil KO Oil thenar fronds OPF Empty fruit clump EFB Palm oil factory effluent POME Rootss Trucks Fiber Shell Some of these merchandises and by merchandises contains some foods which include N, K, P, Mg, Ca and besides H2O. Form this, it is seen that the sum of biomass is really big both in the field and at the factory. For illustration in Malaysia and Indonesia, which accounts about 50 % and 1/3 of universe thenar oil production severally, figures shows that the sum of biomass at the factory is estimated at 30 to 50 million dozenss and 70 to 80 dozenss at the field. These figures are conservative dry weight estimations.Practical and proposed utilizations of palm oil byproductsBelow are the list of practical and some proposed utilizations of palm oil by- merchandise Merchandises composing current/ possible usage Remark OPF Crude fiber, protein Mulch, mush, fiber, provender Distributed over plantation Root Mulch Excessively much available at one time, deracinating disturbs the dirt Short pantss Mulch, fibre board Excessively much available at one time, frequently at distant site of plantation EFB Cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin Mulch, fuel, clump ash, fibre board, mush, paper EFB less good suited as fuel than fiber or shell and does roll up frequently Fiber Lignin Fuel for factory, fibre board Shell Fuel for factory, activated C briquette, atom board Silicate signifiers scale when burned Pome Suspended solids Methane production, fertiliser, provender, soap Methane emanation, river pollution are a job when non managed decently. PKC Oil, petroleum fiber, protein Feed, fertiliser Feed possible non to the full used. From the tabular array above, it shows that at present, most byproducts are used or disposed of within the system for agricultural intent like mulching or fertiliser and for energy production at the factory. Soon merely a part of the entire byproducts are utilised as fuel feedstock in works operations. Particularly, the EFB is barely used and this creates debatable consequence for its disposal since unfastened field/pile combustion is frequently no longer allowed. Effluent from the Palm oil factory is besides hardly used and this creates a job at the oil production Millss. This shows clearly that biomass use is non enhanced and that there is a demand for other utilizations. It is hard to acquire computed informations on the present usage of byproducts and peculiarly on the efficiency of such usage. In the undermentioned paragraphs I would wish discourse the issue of current use rate and efficiency of such utilizations.Use rate:Malaysia has rather a high use for field byproducts ( 80 to 95 % ) as mulch and for shells and fiber as fuel for the Millss ( 90 % ) . For POME and EFB the use rates are much lower ( 35 to 65 % ) ( Gurmit, 1999 ) Apparently the stuff is non easy used for energy production and benefits of returning the stuff to the field as mulch / fertiliser are considered excessively low to countervail the cost. Consequently literature indicates that these merchandises frequently form environmental jobs bring forthing methane and polluting waterways. A big figure of enterprises are afoot to happen ways of extenuating this job. In Yeoh ( 2004 ) it is estimated that in Malaysia methane emanation from unfastened of POME pools sum to 225.000 dozenss ( 1999 ) , which is tantamount to 5,17 million dozenss of CO2, or 3.6 % of the estimated entire emanations in Malaysia. Empty fruit Bunches are less attractive as a boiler fuel and are hence by and large non used for energy. For other states utilization rates should be lower than in Malaysia which has the most advanced thenar oil production system.Efficiency of use:Again, it is difficult to happen quantified informations here. It was discovered that the palm oil industry is one of those uncommon industries where really small effort is made to salvage energy. ( Husain et al, 2003 ) . The energy balance in a typical thenar oil factory is far from premier and there is significant possibility for betterment. Soon most Millss maps on low force per unit area boilers bring forthing steam for operating. In Malaysia, high force per unit area boiler systems are used to bring forth electricity and steam for operation at the factory and supply to the grid. It was predicted that signifier 1999 the annual thenar oil factory remains will ensue to 18 million dozenss of biomass big plenty to bring forthing 3197 GWh and 31.5 million dozenss of POME with a coevals potency of for 1587 GWh. Hashim ( 2005 ) This postulation was low compared to Yeoh ( 2004 ) who predicted that 2250 GWh electricity can be produced from POME through biogas. ( for 1999 informations ) . Based on the figures from Hashim ( 2005 ) the complete electricity bring forthing capacity from factory remains was given as 5000 GWh. Field remains amounted to twice the measure of biomass at factory. This excluded the roots. From the figures given above it shows that in Malaysia, the electricity supply potency is about15000 GWh. Malaysia histories for 50 % of the universe thenar oil production nationally, 30000 GWh of electricity can be produced from Palm oil remains. Menon ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ptm.org.my/biogen ) associated the additions from utilizing EFB as mulch in Fieldss ( alimentary value subtraction logistics costs ) and the net income when used for electricity production. It was discovered that the returns for electricity production was 3.5 times higher. Indeed, there are a figure of creativenesss which are present in Malaysia for the production of electricity from the by-product of thenar oil which are delivered to the grid. It must be observed that electricity coevals through combustion green goodss ash which encloses largely P and K and other foods which could still be reused in the plantation. The above illustration was based on electricity production to the grid. But still, several Millss are excessively unaccessible to bring forth electricity to the grid and other by-product mercantile establishments should besides be considered such as wood coal, pyrolysis oil, HTU oil, paper mush, fibre board, etc. In under developed or developing states, Millss will be excessively little to justify investings in the transition system and small informations and factory remains for efficiency and reuse of field could be found. Obviously recycling of POME and EFB is really limited.Discussion and decisionsIn the Palm Oil value concatenation there is an overall excess of byproducts and the use rate of these byproducts is low, as is particularly the instance for wastewater and empty fruit Bunches. For other mill by- merchandises the efficiency of the application can clearly be increased. For field residues, the chief use now is disposal as mulch and fertilizer. The efficiency and effectivit y of this application could non be determined here. Still this will depend on local conditions and it should be possible to give indicants of what recycling or valorisation system will be optimum here. By-products are considered at best as a nuisance which may take to environmental jobs. As the bio based economic system develops and markets for C impersonal merchandises grow those byproducts should be seen as resource. The first effects are going clear with bringing of sustainable thenar oil waste electricity to the grid in Malaysia. The primary benefit of external demand for byproducts is the resolution of jobs refering fouling byproducts and increasing the profitableness of the production by: aˆ? balanced recycling foods and C at the field, aˆ? increasing the efficiency of boiler fuel use at the factory aˆ? supplies of excess energy to local electricity cyberspace fresh economic activity and coevals of local employment by transition of biomass residues in value added merchandises. The increased food recycling will increase dirt birthrate and increase sustainability of palm oil production. Systems that minimise the remotion of foods and C from the system should be preferred. Still non all C and foods have to be re-cycled. What the optimum is between bio mass use and recycling varies harmonizing to dirt and clime. In the instance that external demand for byproducts of palm oil production materialises, larger sums of byproducts will go available. The palm oil industry will hold to weigh the ain demand for fuel and the demand for recycling of foods and dirt C against the cost of fertilizer and the net incomes of biomass transition. It is of import to cognize what are the optimal conditions here in order to plan sustainable systems that besides produce big measures of biomass for energy and merchandises. A really unsmooth conjecture is that 25 to 50 % of the byproducts may be available for energy export ( matching approximately to 30-60 million dozenss dry weight biomass ) . It would be a good development if the byproducts from Palm oil production were considered as a possible resource for CO2 impersonal energy and merchandises alternatively of a waste. A much more elaborate survey into the net mass balance and possible biomass production from the palm oil concatenation and the possibilities of happening added value for these merchandises in a biobased economic system is indispensable for developing economically, socially and environmentally sustainable palm oil systems. The acknowledgment that using byproducts for added value is good to the sustainability of palm oil production is indispensable for attesting the sustainability of the palm oil biomass energy and merchandises. Multi-stakeholder engagement is required for turn toing the sustainability of the nutrient oil supply concatenation. This would besides include foreigner ( non-food ) industries involved in energy and fiber merchandises selling. More information is needed to find how much biomass is needed at the factory for works operations and how efficient this usage is, how much foods can be removed from the system without impacting sustainability ( alimentary and C recycling ) , rating of the competitory potency of supplies to the market of energy, merchandises and C arrested development. More quantified information is needed on states outside Malaysia that have similar thenar oil waste disposal jobs and potencies to use these merchandises as a resource.

Term Paper on Immigration

Term Paper on Immigration Immigration is a natural phenomenon that has been happening since the start of this world.   People have been migrating to and from different places due to different reasons including religious reasons, climatic reasons, seasonal changes, political reasons, natural disasters, and financial reasons, etc.   People migrate even now due to political conditions like war, natural disasters like earthquakes, cyclones, floods, and famine, and in some areas, for grazing cattle and for looking for greener and less dry pastures.   Immigration term paper can be done barely through far-reaching research and following consulting quite a lot of paperbacks and websites. Term paper on immigration is something every student may counter.   Writing a term paper on immigration is not really easy, and it requires some background knowledge of the topic.   To write a term paper on immigration, students need direction on different immigration topics.   They call for some guidance for writing a term paper on immigration.   We can do a term paper on immigration in the shortest time achievable.   We have a gigantic support staff that waits online at all times when you are introducing an order for term paper on immigration. CustomWritings.com has forever been a choice among learner and teacher equally.   We have hundreds of customers who boast their term paper on immigration written by us.   Immigration term paper help of all sorts is provided at our custom paper writing agency, and you can place an order for any type of term paper on immigration you desire.  Ã‚  Ã‚   We have never been charged for providing derivative stuff to our clients and this is the explanation why we are the most trustworthy and preferred company in the entire term paper on immigration writing picture.   You can at all times buy custom term paper on immigration at CustomWritings.com.   We have grand skilled writers who are skilled in writing term paper on immigration. One of our oldest customers, Eugene McGonagall, says I cant imagine working with any other company except CustomWritings.com.   I feel really comfortable when I place my order for term paper on immigration with CustomWritings.com, as I know my work is being done by a reliable company of an international reputation.   I can ask CustomWritings.com for help whenever I am short of time. Another of our old customers, Jason Gartner says,‘I believe the reason why CustomWritings.com is probably the worlds largest company providing term paper help on immigration is that it always provides the best possible term paper on immigration to its customers.   I have never countered any kind of plagiarism problem due to CustomWritings.coms fault, as they always provide authentic and unabridged work to its students. A large proportion of clients at CustomWritings.com are learners.   We promise our customers full marks or the most excellent grades in their term paper on immigration.   We offer full repayment facility if it is initiated that our term writers do not complete the customers necessities.   We have a quantity of clientele who have for all time had their term paper on immigration done by us and still do.   Charlotte Andrews from UK has been working with us for quite a long time.   I have on no account felt greatly at ease with any other company.   I have forever had my term paper on immigration done by CustomWritings.com, and I have at all times got best marks in my course group.   I just have to post an order at CustomWritings.coms website, and then be assured that my term paper on immigration is saf, says Charlotte. Here is a list of the most popular essay topics on immigration: 1. Immigration and Society 2. Examine the debate over immigration into the USA 3. Immigration in Australia 4. Immigration to New Zealand (1840-1900) 5. What have been the attitudes of the main parties in Britain towards race relations and immigration? 6. Chinese immigration 7. German Immigration and Their Settlement in German Town Pennsylvania 8. Illegal Immigration in the United States 9. Impact of Immigration on Australia from post war years 10. Mass Immigration Reduction Act 11. Mexican Immigration 12. Limiting Immigration following Sept. 11 13. Cultural Diversity and Immigration 14. Immigration 1860-1890 15. The Immigration’s Factors 16. How the Characteristics of Immigration to the East Coast Explains the Social Development of Each Place?

Identifying and Controlling Powdery Mildew on Trees

Identifying and Controlling Powdery Mildew on Trees Powdery mildew is a common disease that appears as a white powdery substance on a tree  leaf surface. The powdery appearance comes from millions of tiny fungal spores, which are spread in air currents to cause new infections. Powdery mildew attacks all kinds of landscape plants, including trees. Fortunately, although the disease is disfiguring, it rarely kills a tree.   Almost any tree species can be affected by powdery mildew, but the most common are maple, basswood, dogwood, lilac, magnolia, crabapple, catalpa, and oaks.   Identification Powdery mildew disease  is caused by many different species of fungi, with Erysiphe cichoacearum reported to be the most common culprit.   According to the University of Minnesota:   Powdery mildew appears as superficial growth on plant surfaces and is seen as white to gray powdery spots, blotches or felt-like mats on leaves, stems, and buds.Infected plants may appear to be sprinkled with baby powder or covered in cobwebs.The disease is often most severe on young leaves, water sprouts, and green shoots.Once severely infected, leaves may turn yellow and fall prematurely during the growing season.In some plants, leaves turn purple to red around the infection.In late summer/early fall, tiny round orange to black balls form within white fungal mats.Most prevalent when outdoor conditions consist of cool temperatures with high humidity; however, it can be seen in warm, dry conditions as well.The disease is most severe on plants or plant parts in shaded areas with poor air movement (interior or lower branches). Biology of the Fungus Some powdery mildew fungi survive winter inside structures known as chasmothecium, which contain the spores. In spring, the chasmothecium rupture to release spores that are then spread by the wind. Other species of powdery mildew survive the winter as a dormant fungus in the infected buds or shoot tips. In spring, these spores start new infections on new plant growth. As the growing season progresses, news spores are produced and transferred to new plants on the wind.   Prevention Powdery mildew is rarely a tree killer,  but it can disfigure specimens in the landscape. It is a product of moist conditions and is usually seen in the wetter spring and fall seasons. In many  areas, powdery mildew is virtually unavoidable during the most humid parts of the period from spring through fall. Once dryer weather returns, the fungus usually retreats. It may not be necessary to treat the fungus at all, but certain measures may prevent it from becoming prevalent. This humidity-loving fungus can be controlled only if moisture can be controlled. Dont plant trees in heavily-shaded areas and provide plenty of space for air movement and growing room. Prune trees and shrubs to improve air movement between the branches. Additional methods for controlling powdery mildew: Choose disease-resistant varieties whenever possible. Mildew-resistant cultivars are available for many plants.Do not overcrowd plants. Adequate spacing improves air circulation and reduces powdery mildew infection.Prune the tree or shrub to increase light penetration and improve air circulation throughout the canopy. But avoid excessive pruning of infected plants- do your pruning during inactive periods.  Avoid fertilizing trees and shrubs when they are suffering from powdery mildew. Fertilizing stimulates new growth and may hasten the spread of the fungal infection.  Do not compost infected branches or leaves. The spores will remain in the compost and may infect other plants.   Controlling Powdery Mildew Commercial fungicides will kill powdery mildew, but many experts advise using these toxic chemicals only on specimen plants that are highly prized since the fungus rarely kills trees.   Chemical fungicide treatments that kill powdery mildew include : Thiophanate methylChlorothalonilSulfur (but not for sulfur-sensitive plants such as viburnum)Potassium bicarbonate Sulfer is perhaps the most common fungicide for powdery mildew. Spray wettable sulfur onto affected leaves at the recommended rate specified by the label. Sulfur may injure tender foliage, especially in hot weather, so be careful. Do not use sulfur on walnuts, as injury may occur. Where important plants have a history of powdery mildew infection, treat them preemptively, before the fungus appears.   A somewhat effective non-chemical treatment is to spray the plants with a mixture of household baking soda and water.

60 Words for Types of Restaurants

60 Words for Types of Restaurants 60 Words for Types of Restaurants 60 Words for Types of Restaurants By Mark Nichol This post lists dozens of words, many adopted from foreign languages that describe a specific type of restaurant. (Restaurant itself stems from a Latin verb meaning â€Å"restore.†) 1. bar: an establishment where liquor and sometimes food are served 2. bar and grill: an establishment that features a bar but also serves food 3. barroom: see bar 4. beanery: slang for an informal restaurant 5. bistro (French, â€Å"proprietor of a tavern†): a small, informal restaurant, bar, or nightclub 6. boà ®te (French, â€Å"box†): see nightclub 7. brasserie (French, â€Å"brewery†): an informal restaurant, often one serving French food 8. buffet (French, â€Å"counter†): a self-serve restaurant; also, in British English, a small informal restaurant at a railway station 9. cabaret (French; ultimately from Latin camera, â€Å"chamber†): a restaurant that serves liquor and features live entertainment; also, the entertainment at such an establishment 10. cafà © (French, â€Å"coffee†): a small, informal restaurant 11. cafeteria (American Spanish, â€Å"coffeehouse†): see luncheonette; also, an informal, self-serve restaurant 12. caff (British English slang for cafà ©): see cafà © 13. canteen: a snack bar or small cafeteria; also, a bar or store at a military post, an informal social club, a flask for carrying liquids, or a chest for carrying or storing bottles or utensils 14. chophouse: slang for restaurant 15. coffee shop: a small, informal restaurant 16. coffee room: see coffeehouse 17. coffeehouse: an informal establishment that serves coffee and often refreshments 18. delicatessen (German, â€Å"delicacy†): an establishment where already-prepared food is sold and sometimes served; often abbreviated to deli 19. diner: an informal restaurant, originally one resembling a dining car on a train 20. drive-in: a restaurant, usually one serving fast food, that serves food ready to eat in one’s parked car or packaged to take home 21. eatery: see luncheonette 22. eating house: an informal restaurant, often one serving inexpensive and/or mediocre food 23. estaminet (French, â€Å"tavern†): see cafà © 24. fast-food place: an informal establishment where prepared food is served quickly 25. food court: an area within a shopping mall with multiple fast-food restaurants 26. food truck: a truck or van that serves prepackaged food or food cooked in the vehicle 27. greasy spoon (American slang, from the notion of a place with unclean eating utensils): see â€Å"eating house† 28. grill: an informal restaurant 29. grillroom: see grill 30. hamburger stand: a small fast-food restaurant specializing in hamburgers 31. hash house: an inexpensive restaurant 32. hashery: see â€Å"hash house† 33. hot dog stand: a small fast-food restaurant specializing in hot dogs 34. inn: see tavern; also, sometimes one offering lodging 35. joint: slang for an informal restaurant or bar; also, slang for prison or a disreputable entertainment venue, and has multiple other unrelated meanings 36. lunch counter: see luncheonette; also, a counter inside a store at which food is served 37. lunch wagon: see diner 38. luncheonette: a small restaurant that offers lunch, often self-serve 39. lunchroom: see luncheonette; also, a room at a school for eating lunch sold there or brought from home 40. nightclub: an establishment serving food and drink and featuring live entertainment 41. nightspot: see nightclub 42–43. nitery (or niterie): see nightclub 44. pizzeria (Italian, â€Å"place where pizza is served,† from pizza, â€Å"bite†): a restaurant where pizzas and other Italian dishes are served 45. pothouse: see tavern; also, as pot house, a house where marijuana is grown and/or sold 46. pub (short for â€Å"public house†): see tavern 47. rathskeller (obsolete German, â€Å"council cellar,† from its origins as an establishment in the cellar of a town hall): a restaurant or tavern, usually one located in a basement 48. ristorante (Italian, â€Å"restaurant†): a restaurant serving Italian food 49. roadhouse: an establishment outside city limits that may serve food as well as liquor and features live or recorded music 50. saloon: see bar 51. supper club: see nightclub 52. snack bar: an establishment at which snacks are served at a counter 53. soda fountain: an establishment or area within a store for serving beverages, ice cream, and sometimes food 54. steakhouse: a restaurant specializing in beef dishes 55. taqueria (Spanish, â€Å"place where tacos are served†): an informal restaurant serving Mexican food 56. tavern: an establishment where liquor and sometimes food are served 57. tea shop (British English): see teahouse 58. teahouse: a restaurant where tea and refreshments are served 59. tearoom: see teahouse 60. trattoria (Italian, â€Å"establishment of a restaurateur,† from a word for treat): a small restaurant, usually one serving Italian food Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 10136 Poetry TermsHow to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

The minimum age to vote, drive, and serve in the military in US Research Paper

The minimum age to vote, drive, and serve in the military in US - Research Paper Example Young adults from the age of 18 are allowed to join the military and defend the country, for example, during Vietnam War many young Americans from the age of 18 participated in the war. The legal age for alcohol consumption in US is 21, before 1984, the legal drinking age was 18 and it was later on changed in the course of the year to 21 through the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (Koroknay 2005). The drinking age was increased because of several reasons that I will also explain this article. Due to the changes in the ages, I believe it is unethical that the United States government allows its citizens to vote, drive, and serve in the military a full three years before they are allowed to consume alcohol. Before 1971, the voting age in US was 21, Senator Kennedy raise the matter of the age arguing that it is wrong for young adults to join the military and defend the country but they cannot vote since the minimum age of serving in the military during that time was 18. Kennedy receives overwhelming support from the senators and he took the mater to senate committee for constitution amendment. The bill passed and the age was reduced to 18. Another argument was that young adults pay taxes when they buy any item, some work and they are eligible to be given driving license, so why can’t they vote. Many school students across US during that time were lobbying for the voting age to be lowered to 18. The president of the nation youth’s rights association argued that in the society, young adults take part in many things such as paying taxes or being charged of crime so they should be allowed to vote. He went ahead and argued that if young adults are allowed to vote it will add rea l meaning and relevance to social studies and civics subjects in school which taught before the age of 18 (Christopher and Dobkin 2011). When the voting age is lowered, it is a liberal action, this is because it will create more opportunities for younger adults to have a say in the formation of the government. If the age is increased, it will become a conservative action because young adults will not have the wisdom and experience to know what is good for them (Christopher and Dobkin 2011). This change in voting age is just a change in the liberal direction and currently people are changing their attitudes towards equality and rights. The critics of the idea argued that young people lack the required level of knowledge and complexity to make informed decision on electing leaders; many believe that young people can be swayed easily by politician to vote for them irrespective of their character. One of the main critics about the idea was Curtis Gans who is the director of committee fo r the study of American Electorate (). He thought that it is a dumb idea if the voting age was lowered to 18 since at that age, a person can be drafted and die for the country. At the same time, young adults at the age of 18 lack life experience and do not understand the issues facing a country in details. In the American history, the right to vote has expanded vigorously to be more inclusive, and this come as a result of hard political battle by the disenfranchised group who are demanding for political representation. When US constitution was drafted in 1789, only the white people was allowed to vote and later the constitution was amended to allow the black vote (Traci, Toben, and Lenk 2009). In 1920, the 19th constitutional amendment

Major theorist in the history of psychology Essay

Major theorist in the history of psychology - Essay Example Personal Development Horney experienced her parents divorce in 1905 and she was sent to stay with her father. At that time, she was old enough to go into medical school against the advice of her family. At this time, women were not given university education in most universities. She went to University of Freiburg because it was one of the first in Germany to admit women (Boeree, 2006). While in medical school, she met Oscar Horney, which she later married. They had three children and Horney felt the harsh discipline that her husband gave her children was good because they were encouraged to become independent (Langenderfer, 1999). Horney also lost her mother soon after she started medical school. All of these events caused great stress to her and she went into psychoanalysis. Adding to the stress, Horney's husband's business eventually collapsed and he developed meningitis and became a very disagreeable man. Horney's brother died years later from a pulmonary infection at the age of 40. This event thrust her deeper into depression so deeply in fact that she thought about suicide (Boeree, 2006). Horney eventually moved to the United States (New York) and began friendships with Harry Stack Sullivan and Erich Fromm, two men who would eventually become well known psychologists. Historical Development Horney became deeply involved with psychology and particularly orthodox Freudianism. She did not see this as a viable theory especially when it came to female psycho-sexual development. She realized that here were many socio-cultural factors that were important to human development and not as sexual as Freudians would have people believe. Eventually, she would have to found her own organization, the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis, because Freudians refused to accept her theories (Mazzarella, 1999). Horney's first book, The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, written in 1937, was the first of several books that would explore her ideas of neurosis and ho w culture affected the individual who had the neurosis. Her next book, Self-Analysis (1942), would focus on her own experiences with depression and her recovery from it. Horney wrote other books, articles and lectures as well as becoming a prominent teacher in the field, until her death in 1952 (Langenderfer, 1999). Major Contributions to Psychology According to Boeree (2006) the major contribution that Horney brought to psychology was her study of neurosis. At the time, Freudians felt that neurosis could be traced back to sexual need, but Horney brought a different view. She saw neurosis as part of everyday life and as something that people used to cope or control their life. In other words, this was what people did to attempt to live out their life. Horney saw that there were ten specific patterns of needs for neurosis. These ten patterns or neurotic needs are: 1. The need to be liked by other people and for affection and approval. 2. The need for a partner who will take care of t he individual and in fact, someone who will take over their life. 3. The need to restrict oneself to live with narrow borders that will cause the individual to live quietly and without notice. 4. The need for power and control over others. The feelings of omnipotence and to be dominant over those who are weaker. 5. The need to exploit other people and to take advantage of them. Neurotics have

Case 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case 2 - Essay Example Once the development team understands it needs teams instead of groups, it can proceed to form them. It would be waste of time for the organization to come to the realization, when much progress has been made, that it has workgroups instead of work teams. That would be a waste of financial and human resources and time. Good group members are likely to be people who share a group’s mentality and objectives. Group effectiveness is determined in large part by commonality of goals among its members. A group in which members have the same mission and vision is, more often than not, free of differences in actions. Members think and act as one. A good group member actively participates in group affairs; he is not an observant in the activities of the group. Whenever there is something to be done or discussed, good group members avail themselves to make efforts worthwhile. Finally, potentially good group members have the skill set required to contribute to the group’s success and activities. For example, it would be pointless to have a human resource expert in a group formed to develop better engineering techniques in an organization. This is not to say that a human resource professional has no role to play in such a group, but that his role would be so limited that it would cease to make sense. In such a scenario, the HR expert would be better suited to a group formed to explore better recruitment and retention strategies. Individual skill sets in a group should complement each other if any progress is to be made. The principles of diversity and personality are very important in managing conflict in groups. The development team must understand that its members must be different. There will never be an instance in which all members of a team agree on everything. There will also never be an instance in which all team members share the same background, experiences, culture, religion, or race (Robbins and Judge 263). The team should use

Impact of the recent financial crisis to Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Essay

Impact of the recent financial crisis to Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Korea - Essay Example The crisis left devastating impacts on the economies of the four countries (Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Korea) as discussed below. The 2007/2008 financial crisis left the four countries with huge financial debts borrowed from the developed economies (Lin, 2014). Generally, most south East Asian states including Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Korea had borrowed huge loans before the crisis to rebuild their economy after the Asian crisis that had happened previously. The crisis reappeared in a time when the countries were struggling to repay the loans borrowed for economy reconstruction after the Asian crisis. This placed a heavy burden on respective countries thereby retarding their development progress. These states are still paying the loans acquired before financial crisis set foot in Asia. The financial crisis hiked the cost of living to more than double in the four countries. up to date, the residents in the four countries go through very difficult times because job opportunities are still few and the available jobs are underpaying (Klein & Shabbir, 2007). Furthermore, foreign investors returned back to their countries and the domestic investment has performed poorly since then. Basically, low investments (both domestic and foreign investments) in a country results in inadequate job opportunities and consequently, high poverty levels. The crisis weakened the local currencies of Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Korea which caused these nations a huge fortune in terms of time and resources to reconstruct their economies. Poor performance of the local currencies made exports cheap wealthy nations seized the opportunity to develop their economies (Jensen, 2010). Moreover, depreciation of local currencies negatively affected local investment due to dumping by foreign investors. Additionally, depreciation of local currencies in the respective states during and after the crisis led to less demand of domestic products

Research Experience for High School Students Dissertation

Research Experience for High School Students - Dissertation Example This essay stresses that given the absence of specific and clear-cut formal policies and frameworks from the government on research experience for high school students, the quest to inject high school learning with research experience has largely remained in the hands of private initiatives. This means that the introduction and maintenance of research experience in high school learning has mostly been a preserve of efforts applied by individual high schools and their stakeholders. Conversely, there are other organizations or agencies such as the National Science Foundation which sustain Research Experience for High School Students (REHSS) programs with logistics and finances and help further the goals of REHSS. This paper makes a conclusion that the research faculty member aiding and guiding the student has to come from the institution sustaining the research. For instance, Vanderbilt University enjoys the widest notoriety for sustaining these independent research projects. This means that most of the research faculty members who mentor high school students undertaking independent research projects are employees of Vanderbilt University. All students who participate in REHSS are to attend weekly breakout sessions in groups and are to be led by a group of Vanderbilt University postdoctoral and graduate student researches. In respect to the foregoing, it is important to note that institutions of learning which provide REHSS services have the prerogatives to set the requirements for enrolment. Roberts and Wassersug (2009) contends that in most cases, the student candidates must be: sixteen years of

Impact of the recent financial crisis to Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Essay

Impact of the recent financial crisis to Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Korea - Essay Example The crisis left devastating impacts on the economies of the four countries (Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Korea) as discussed below. The 2007/2008 financial crisis left the four countries with huge financial debts borrowed from the developed economies (Lin, 2014). Generally, most south East Asian states including Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Korea had borrowed huge loans before the crisis to rebuild their economy after the Asian crisis that had happened previously. The crisis reappeared in a time when the countries were struggling to repay the loans borrowed for economy reconstruction after the Asian crisis. This placed a heavy burden on respective countries thereby retarding their development progress. These states are still paying the loans acquired before financial crisis set foot in Asia. The financial crisis hiked the cost of living to more than double in the four countries. up to date, the residents in the four countries go through very difficult times because job opportunities are still few and the available jobs are underpaying (Klein & Shabbir, 2007). Furthermore, foreign investors returned back to their countries and the domestic investment has performed poorly since then. Basically, low investments (both domestic and foreign investments) in a country results in inadequate job opportunities and consequently, high poverty levels. The crisis weakened the local currencies of Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Korea which caused these nations a huge fortune in terms of time and resources to reconstruct their economies. Poor performance of the local currencies made exports cheap wealthy nations seized the opportunity to develop their economies (Jensen, 2010). Moreover, depreciation of local currencies negatively affected local investment due to dumping by foreign investors. Additionally, depreciation of local currencies in the respective states during and after the crisis led to less demand of domestic products

Response to The Omnivore's Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response to The Omnivore's Dilemma - Essay Example Because of these extensive choices, dilemmas are arising in the human’s minds regarding how food items are produced, whether naturally or artificially, whether unethical practices are followed, in total dilemma of what food to eat. â€Å"When you can eat just about anything nature has to offer, deciding what you should eat will inevitably stir anxiety† (Pollan 3). So, the main intent of the author, Michael Pollan is to provide the readers with an overview of the production process of various food choices, so the readers can select the apt foods, they want to consume. To learn for himself, and also to inform the readers about the production processes and thereby about food choices, Pollan follows the food chains of the three major food categories, which provide us the food– industrial food, organic food, and foraging food. That is, he examines the food chains of these three food categories from the initial till it reaches the humans stage (factory production and s upermarkets in the case of Industrial food, agricultural farms, small scale producers and vendors in the case of organic food and finally hunting expedition in case of foraging). â€Å"To this end, he embarks on four separate eating adventures, each of which starts at the very beginning — in the soil from which the raw materials of his dinners will emerge — and ends with a cooked, finished meal.† (Kamp 2006). The other main intent of Pollan is bring into focus how corn plant has came to dominate majority of the food choices in the American diet, and so allocates sizable portion of the book (close to 7 chapters) discussing about it. Although, corn is a benign plant, which is grown in large numbers throughout America and consumed directly in minimal quantities, it is actively used in the production of various food items, food additives, preservatives, etc. That is, after corn is produced, it is milled or refined or recompounded, and then it could â€Å"become any number of things, from ethanol for the gas tank to dozens of edible, if not nutritious, products, like the thickener in a milkshake, the hydrogenated oil in margarine, the modified cornstarch,†¦the ubiquitous sweetener known as high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS).† (Kamp 2006). With such extensive ‘applications’, Corn plant production is crucial to the survival and functioning of the various food industries. Because of which, the industrial food industry is implementing various dubious and unethical production practices to produce corn in a large scale manner. With heightened production, the corn has become cheap and plentiful, with Pollan even stating that it has become a â€Å"remarkably inexpensive industrial raw material.† (Kamp 2006). As a result, Pollan argues, food is much cheaper and more plentiful than it used to be, but unfortunately the health of the humans and that of the environment has deteriorated. Pollan also had the intent to bring out th e negatives of the organic food industry as well. Although, the organic industry mainly produces environment friendly and healthy foods for the people to consume, the production process in that industry also has started bordering on commercialization. That is, producers are adopting many of the methods of the industrial fo

Coperate Gorvernance Essay Example for Free

Coperate Gorvernance Essay Executive summary: Cadbury Report (1992) stated that â€Å"corporate governance is the process by which companies and directed and controlled† (cited in Tricker, 2009). In other words, it helps the corporate entities increase the value provided to the organisation’s various stakeholders. Therefore, appropriate corporate governance plays a very important role in development of organisations. This  review will define corporate governance and some of its concepts (through the paper). Following, the review will give a Memorandum or a general introduction about Nufarm, which is a publicly listed company and then consider the structure, process and effectiveness of its governance. Besides, the paper will mention about areas such as the composition and responsibilities of the Nufarm Board of Directors, and disclose policies, codes of conduct adopted by the company, which are relevant to the company’s governance scopes. Finally, from information and analyses, there are some recommendations for the Nufarm to achieve appropriate improvements. For example, the company’s governance should recognise and adhere to all relevant laws and regulations and meets high standards with respect to honesty and integrity. In addition, the company should have open and effective communications with its shareholders and the general investment community. Furthermore, the company should have effective methods to review drivers of governance, etc. Table of contents Contents I.Introduction3 II.What is corporate governance?3 III.General introduction about Nufarm, information of the company (Memorandum)3 IV.The Structure, process and effectiveness of the Nufarm’s governance4 The Scope of the company’s Corporate Governance influences the company’s codes:7 V.Recommendations8 VI.References10 I. Introduction Recently, the appearance of high-profile corporate failures, scandals and executive corruption arises the requirement for organisations to follow appropriate corporate governance structures, processes standards and practices. The aim of this paper is to investigate the structure, process and  effectiveness of the governance of Nufarm, a publicly listed company and give recommendations for it to achieve appropriate improvements. II. What is corporate governance? Cadbury report (1992) and OECD (1999) defined that ‘corporate governance is the process by which company are directed and controlled’.  Monks Minow (2001) suggested that ‘corporate governance is the relationship among various participants in determining the direction and performance of corporations. The primary participants are the shareholders, the management and the board of directors’. OECD (2001) supposed that ‘corporate governance refers to the private and public institutions, including laws, regulations and accepted business practices, which together govern the relationship, in a market economy, between corporate managers and entrepreneurs, on the one hand, and those who invest resources in corporations, on the other III. General introduction about Nufarm, information of the company (Memorandum) Nufarm Limited is a publicly listed company, one of the world’s leading crop protection companies (Nufarm’s website, 2012). The company manufactures products to help farmers protect their crops against damage caused by weeds, pests and disease. Its manufacturing and marketing spread throughout Australia, New Zealand, Asia, The Americas and Europe and sells products in more than 100 countries around the world. According to the Nufarm’s website (2012), the company employs more than 2,600 people around the places having its manufacturing and marketing operations, all of whom make a vital contribution to the companys reputation for quality products, innovation and first class marketing and technical support. Proudly based in Australia, Nufarm is listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (with symbol NUF). Its head office is located at Laverton in Melbourne, Australia. Table1: the information contained in the company details table (ASX website, 2012) IV. The Structure, process and effectiveness of the Nufarm’s governance The company’s board structure contains Chairman (Donald Gordon McGauchie), Managing Director/CEO (Doug Rathbone), and five Non Executive Directors who are Anne Bernadette Brennan, Gordon Richard Davis, Bruce Goodfellow, Gary Hounsell, Peter Margin (Nufarm’s website, 2012). According to the company’s website (2012), the Board is the governing body of the Company. The Board is responsible for the oversight of the Company. It is responsible to ensure that the business of the Company is carried out in the best interests of all shareholders and with proper regard to the interests of all other stakeholders. Specifically, the Board has responsibility to protect and enhance the value of the assets of the Company, set strategies and directions and monitor and review those strategic objectives, review and ratify internal controls, codes of conduct and legal compliance, review the Company’s accounts, approve and review the one year operating budget and five year strategic plan for the Company, appoint the Managing Director, evaluate performance and determine the remuneration of the Managing Director and senior executives, ensure the significant risks facing the Company have been identified and adequate control monitoring and reporting mechanisms are in place, approve transactions relating to acquisitions, divestments and capital expenditure above authority limits delegated to management, approve financial and dividend policy, appoint the Company Secretary, ratify the appointment of the Chief Financial Officer (Nufarm’s website, 2012). The managing Director is delegated to be responsible for the day-to-day leadership and management of the Company. To assist the Board to discharge its responsibilities and duties, the Board has delegated to the Managing Director specific authorities which are subject to appropriate reporting and monitoring procedures. For example: * Shareholder values / corporate strategy: the Managing Director formulates and brings to the Board for review and approval, an appropriate long term strategy for the Nufarm Group  and appropriate financial standards and policies. The strategy is reviewed by the Board at its annual strategic planning review and any changes in financial standards are reviewed by the Audit Committee. * Organisation Planning: the Managing Director formulates an appropriate human resources policy which is reviewed by the Board annually. * Capital Allocation: The Managing Director approves capital expenditure within limits set by the Board. All approvals made by the Managing Director are reported and reviewed at every Board Meeting. * Company Financial Performance: the Managing Director reports to the Board at each Board Meeting on the financial results of the Company. * Compliance: The Managing Director is responsible for ensuring compliance with all relevant legislation. In brief, the Board has delegated to the Managing Director all powers required to manage the business of the Company and the Managing Director reports on a monthly basis on all material matters affecting the Nufarm Group to the Board. Besides, The Board has three committees: the Audit Committee, the Nomination Committee and the Remuneration Committee. These Board Committees review and analyse policies and strategies within their specific terms of reference. The Board Committees examine proposals and, where appropriate, make recommendations to the Board. The Board Committees do not take direct action or make decisions on behalf of the Board unless specifically mandated by prior Board authority (Nufarm’s website). The Nomination Committee consists of three non-executive Directors and is comprised of a majority of independent Directors. The Committee’s purpose is to develop criteria for Board membership and identify specific individuals for nomination; and establish processes for the review of the performance of individual Directors and the Board as a whole. The duties of this committee is facilitating a Board performance assessment, develop criteria for Board membership, identify suitably skilled, qualified and experienced individuals for nomination and to establish processes for the review of the performance of Directors. According to Tricker (2012, p.283), ‘the essential and original role of the audit committee is to act as a bridge between the independent external auditors and the board, avoiding the possibility of powerful executive directors’ and over the years the role and responsibilities of the committee have expanded. Nufarm company’s Audit Committee’s primary function is to assist the Board in fulfilling its corporate governance responsibilities in regard to financial reporting, audit and risk management, including: oversight of the preparation of Nufarm Limited’s (the Group) financial reporting; compliance with legal and regulatory obligations; oversight of the effectiveness of the Group’s enterprise-wide risk management and internal control framework; and oversight of the relationship with the external and internal auditors. The specific duties and responsibilities of the company’s audit committee in meeting will be: report Committee actions to the Board with such recommendations as the Committee may deem appropriate (e.g. The Committee will report to the Board immediately if it becomes aware of any material misstatement in financial information provided by management to the Board or of any material breakdown in internal controls), continuously monitor a framework and processes for compliance with laws, regulations, standards, best practice guidelines and the Group’s code of conduct, maintain suitable interaction with the Health Safety Environment Committee and the Nomination Governance Committee, perform such other functions assigned by law, the Companys Constitution, or the Board. The Remuneration Committee’s purpose is to recommend to the Board policies and practices which enable Nufarm to attract, develop, retain and motivate high caliber Directors and executives. The Committee will review and make recommendations on policies for remuneration, development, retention and termination of Directors and Key Management Personnel (KMP). The Committee’s duties are to review and make recommendations to the Board in relation to Nufarm’s Board and executive remuneration strategy, structure and practice with regard to: Nufarm strategic objectives; corporate governance principles; and competitive practice. The specific matters the Committee may consider include the review of: executive management and Directors’  remuneration, including the link between Company and individual performance; current industry best practice; the outcome of the annual vote on the adoption of the Remuneration Report; different methods for remunerating senior management and Directors including superannuation arrangements; 2/4 existing or proposed incentive schemes; retirement and termination benefits and payments for senior management; professional indemnity and liability insurance policies. The Committee is responsible for seeking and approving remuneration advisers that will provide independent remuneration advice, as appropriate, on Board, CEO and other KMP remuneration strategy, structure practice and disclosure. However, according to the company website (2012), the Committee does not have executive powers to commit the Board or management to its recommendations except where authorised by a resolution of the Board nor become involved in day to day management activities or decision making. The Scope of the company’s Corporate Governance influences the company’s codes: According to Tricker (2012), the structure, the membership and the process of the governing body are central to corporate governance. However, the relations with shareholders, contractual stakeholders, legal institutions, etc also influence the structure and operation of Nufarm’s corporate governance. Therefore, the company’s corporate governance refers to the private and public institutions, including laws, regulations and public institutions, which together govern the relationship between corporate managers and entrepreneurs, on the one hand, and those who invest resources in corporations on the other (Tricker, 2012). For example, the company’s code of conduct is governed by and contrasted in accordance with the laws in the State of Victoria, Australia. Besides, Nufarm has ensured to be compliance with the ASX Listing Rules, and ensured that Key Management Personnel and their associates are aware of the legal restrictions in dealing in Nufarm’s shares, options or other securities while such a person is in possession of unpublished price sensitive information concerning Nufarm. V. Recommendations There are some recommendations in order for Nufarm to make appropriate  improvements for its corporate governance are: Firstly, Nufarm should conduct its business in a manner which recognises and adheres to all relevant laws and regulations and meets high standards with respect to honesty and integrity. In order to meet this commitment, we require all Nufarm directors, employees, contractors and consultants to be familiar with and uphold the company’s code of conduct in all business dealings. Besides, according to Tricker (2012), the Board, which determines whether the company’s governance is good, is the major driving force in a company. However, there are other drivers of good governance in the company such as shareholders. Therefore, the company should have open and effective communications with its shareholders and the general investment community. For example, with shareholders, the company should adopt a shareholder communications policy in order to: * Ensure that shareholders and the financial markets are provided with full and timely information about its activities; * Comply with continuous disclosure obligations contained in applicable Listing Rules and the Corporations Act in Australia as well as industry guidelines such as the Australasian Investor Relations Associations’, Best Practice Guidelines for Communication between Listed Entities and the Investment Community; and Ensure equality of access to briefings, presentations and meetings for shareholders, analysts and media. * Encourage attendance and voting at shareholder meetings; The company’s Remuneration Committee should review induction and development arrangements for the Board to ensure Board members gain and maintain a suitable level of knowledge about Nufarm. Audit Committee should usually review and make recommendations to the Board on the Nufarm Diversity Policy ensuring the Policy is in line with applicable legislation and governance principles. Self-assess whether the Committees comply with its membership requirements at least once every year. Critically review the Remuneration Committee Charter at least once per year to ensure its relevance and compliance with overall governance legislative requirements and best practice. VI. References Monks, B., Nell, M. 2007, Corporate Governance, 4th edn, Chichester, UK:Wiley. Tricker, B. 2009, Corporate Governance: Principles, Policies, and Practices, Oxford University Press. Nufarm website 2012, http://www.nufarm.com/Home, viewed 15 July, 2012. ASX website 2012, Nufarm Limited (NUF), http://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/companyInfo.do?by=asxCodeasxCode=NUF, viewed 15 July, 2012.

Competition in International Markets Theories and Concepts

Competition in International Markets Theories and Concepts FIRMS, NOT INDIVIDUAL NATIONS COMPETE IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS Competition has always been central to the agenda of firms. It has become one of the enduring themes of our times and the rising intensity of competition has continued until this day thereby spreading to more and more countries. As a result of globalisation, most industries with the topics of international business and competitive advantage have received much attention from business executives, public policy makers and scholars in recent years. This; in conjunction with the rise of global competitors has helped to explain why a countrys competitive advantage can be determined by the strength of its business firms. This has resulted in numerous rankings, where industries and firms are compared on a global scale to see which are the most competitive. Most firms prefer to compete in the business environment so that it will help determine the competitive advantage of the country in which they operate. A firms ability to deliver the same benefits as competitors but at a lower cost or deli ver benefits that exceed those of competing products, then such a firm is said to possess a competitive advantage over its rivals. Todays development in communication, information technology and transportation technology have enabled firms to market their products and services beyond national borders. This level of involvement has contributed to the concept of firms marketing their products in international markets. Analysis Global competitiveness occur at the cross roads between international economics and strategic management. Wassily Leontief (1998) was one of the scholars to add an empirical element to the theoretical realm of international trade with his popular paradox of the Heckscher-Ohlin (1919) theory. Later, management scholars (Buckley Casson, 1998, Tsang 1999) adopted the concept of competing globally in their research. Hamel and Prahalad (1994) later reinforced the concepts of core competencies, industry level analysis and competing for the future. After much research by these scholars, most would agree that global competitiveness in the aggregate for a nation is not equivalent to global competitiveness at the individual firm level. Corden (1994) states that there are three major areas of national competitiveness: sectoral or industry competitiveness, cost competitiveness and productivity. Many of Porters (1990) ideas were shared by earlier scholars. Vernon (1966) attributed national compe titiveness to a nations technology and capabilities, which are similar to Porters advanced factors. With Hymers (1976) idea that firms have specific competitive advantages that allow them to overcome the liability of foreignness is similar to Porters concept of firm-specific advantages that lead to global competitiveness. Caves (1982) discussed the practice of firms transferring knowledge gained in one country to another because of global competition is by utilizing the right mix of factors of production would lead to probable success. According to Papanastassou Pearce (1999), Porters diamond is one of the few models in international business research that illustrates what comprises national competitiveness within a given industry. Thus Porter tried to analyse why some nations succeed and others fail in international competition. He tries to solve this problem using the four determinants of national competitive advantage. The Determinants of National Competitive Advantage Michael Porter, in his book ‘The Competitive Advantage of Nations has introduced a model that helped to determine a nations international competitive advantage. This model of determining factors of national competitive advantage is known as Porters Diamond. Porter distinguishes four determinants; Demand Conditions, Factor Endowments, Related and Supporting Industries and Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry. Demand conditions describe the size and affluence of the domestic market. These are important because they play a role home demand plays in upgrading competitive advantage and serves as the primary source of competition for firms in a given industry. A similar example can be found in the wireless telephone equipment industry, where sophiscated and demanding local customers in Scandinavia helped push Nokia of Finland and Ericsson of Sweden to invest in cellular phone technology long before demand for cellular phones took off in other developed nations. Factor endowments include any factors of production that a firm uses in its business to maintain economic competitiveness. Thus, the natural resources which include land, labor, capital and also naturally occurring raw materials. Other factors of production can include manmade structures that facilitate commerce, including communication infrastructure, sophiscated and skilled labor, research facilities and technological know-how. An obvious example of this phenomenon is Japan, a country that lacks arable land and mineral deposits and yet through investment has built a substantial endowment of advanced factors. Related and supporting industries are the third attribute of national competitive advantage. These are beneficial to MNEs because it provides them with low-cost inputs and supply them with information regarding industry environmental changes thereby helping them achieve a strong competitive position internationally. For example, Swedish strengths in fabricated steel products have drawn on strengths in Swedens specialty steel industry. Similarly, Switzerlands success in pharmaceuticals is closely related to its previous international success in the technologically related dye industry. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry are also important in ensuring national competitiveness. Strategy refers to several key strategic factors that characterize a firm thus, actions firms utilize to achieve both long-range and short-range goals. This is important because it helps the firm to utilize the best actions with which to compete and the market it wants to compete in. Structure refers to the industry composition, thus, the degree to which an industry is concentrated or dispersed, competitive or monopolistic, global or domestic. Rivalry indicates both the number of players and the level of competition among firms in an industry. Greater rivalry in an industry would lead a firm to higher levels of competitiveness visa vis its rivals. Rivalry is thought to be the most comprehensive of the three factors, as it often indicates the underlying strategy and structure of the competitors. This is more evident in Japan, where Japanese auto-makers have become competitive in the world mar ket and has taken over major US and European auto producers. Some of the Challenges Faced By MNEs A multinational enterprise (MNE) is an enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. There are some challenges faced by MNEs that transact business in international markets which can hinder its competitiveness hence its controversies and these are as follows; Market imperfections It may seem strange that a corporation has decided to do business in a different country, where it doesnt know the laws, local customs or business practices of such a country is likely to face some challenges that can reduce the managers ability to forecast business conditions. The additional costs caused by the entrance in foreign markets are of less interest for the local enterprise. Firms can also in their own market be isolated from competition by transportation costs and other tariff and non-tariff barriers which can force them to competition and will reduce their profits. The firms can maximize their joint income by merger or acquisition which will lower the competition in the shared market. This could also be the case if there are few substitutes or limited licenses in a foreign market. Tax competition Countries and sometimes subnational regions compete against one another for the establishment of MNC facilities, subsequent tax revenue, employment, and economic activity. To compete, countries and regional political districts must offer incentives to MNCs such as tax breaks, pledges of governmental assistance or improved infrastructure. When these incentives fail they are liable to face challenges which limit their chance of becoming more attractive to foreign investment. However, some scholars have argued that multinationals are engaged in a race to the top. While multinationals certainly regard a low tax burden or low labor costs as an element of comparative advantage, there is no evidence to suggest that MNCs deliberately avail themselves of tax environmental regulation or poor labour standards. Political instability Many multinational Enterprises face the challenge of political instability when doing business in international markets. This kind of problem mostly occurs when there is an absence of a reliable government authority. When this happens, it adds to business costs, increase risks of doing business and sometimes reduces managers ability to forecast business trends. Political instability is also associated with corruption and weak legal frameworks that discourage foreign investments. Market withdrawal The size of multinationals can have a significant impact on government policy, primarily through the threat of market withdrawal. For example, in an effort to reduce health care costs, some countries have tried to force pharmaceutical companies to license their patented drugs to local competitors for a very low fee, thereby artificially lowering the price. When faced with that threat, multinational pharmaceutical firms have simply withdrawn from the market, which often leads to limited availability of advanced drugs. Countries that have been the most successful in this type of confrontation with multinational corporations are large countries such as United States and Brazil, which have viable indigenous market competitors. Lobbying Multinational corporate lobbying is directed at a range of business concerns, from tariff structures to environmental regulations. Companies that have invested heavily in pollution control mechanisms may lobby for very tough environmental standards in an effort to force non-compliant competitors into a weaker position. Corporations lobby tariffs to restrict competition of foreign industries. For every tariff category that one multinational wants to have reduced, there is another multinational that wants the tariff raised. Even within the U.S. auto industry, the fraction of a companys imported components will vary, so some firms favor tighter import restrictions, while others favor looser ones. This is very serious and is very hard and takes a lot of work for the owner. Conclusion The discussion so far, points out that, the degree to which a nation is likely to achieve international success in a certain industry is a function of the combined impact of factor endowments, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and domestic rivalry. It is very obvious that these determinants are interrelated. Each is influenced by the others and in turn, influences the others. The presence of all these four components is usually required for this diamond to boost competitive performance although there are exceptions. Porter also points out that government can influence each of the four components of the diamond either positively or negatively. Factor endowments can be affected by subsidies, policies toward capital markets, policies toward education and others. Domestic demand can also be shaped through local product standards or regulations that mandate buyer needs. Government policy can also influence supporting and related industries through regulation and influe nce firm rivalry through such devices as capital market regulation, tax policy and antitrust laws. Countries should therefore be exporting products from those industries where all four components of the diamond are favourable, than importing in those areas where the components are not favourable in order to achieve competitive advantage. References Buckley, P. Casson, M. (1998). Models of the multinational enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies, 29(1), 21-44. Caves, R. (1982). Multinational enterprise and economic analysis. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Corden, W. (1994). Economic policy, exchange rates and the international system. Oxford University Press. Hamel, G. Prahalad, C. (1994). Competing for the future. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Hymer, S. (1976). The international operations of national firms: A study of direct foreign investment. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Leontief, W. (1999). Domestic production and foreign trade: The American capital position re-examined. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 97, 331-349. Papanastassou, M. Pearce, R. (1999). Multinationals, technology and national competitiveness. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Porter, M. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. New York: The Free Press. Tsang, D. (1999). National culture and national competitiveness: A study of the microcomputer component industry. Advances in Competitiveness Research, 7(1), 1-20. Vernon, R. (1966, May). International investments and international trade in the product life cycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 190-207. Bibliography Daniels, J., Radebaugh, L., Sullivan, D. (2007). International Business: environment and operations, 11th edition. Prentice Hall. Joshi, Rakesh Mohan, (2009) International Business, Oxford University Press. Roger Sugden (2000). The nature of the transnational firm. Routledge. Travis, T. (2007). Doing Business Anywhere: The Essential Guide to Going Global. Hoboken: John WileySons. Hill, W.L. (2001) International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace, McGraw-Hill. Veiyath, R. Zahra, S. (2000). Competitiveness in the 21st century: Reflections on the growing debate about globalization. Advances in Competitiveness Research, 8(1), 14-27. Bresman, H., Birkinshaw, J. Nobel, R. (1999). Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies.