The Low Retail Price Strategy

The Low Retail Price Strategy INTRODUCTION: Environment of United Kingdom retail Market: The trading atmosphere in the UK is very challenging, and different corporations are using various methods to stay in business. In order to understand how corporations manage to remain in the competition with low prices Strategy this information will center on a particular area, which has all the time occupied our attention. The low price Strategy is a possible environment. In order to take action to this matter we are going to carry some retailing companies those are well reputable or well known for their deal opportunities in the UK market such as Poundland and Primark in the last 5 years. The UK market is very challenging, due to the variety of the residents, and also the significance of the currency which is dissimilar from other countries in Europe. Furthermore the economy of UK develops faster than regular throughout the Europe. (ec.europa.eu/economy) This is a situation where cost is going up due to the boost of the not only VAT in the kingdom, and where a few companies are leaving the industry due to the no profitability of their business. The UK marketplace keep on to battle against slump, as a result fears over job safety, tax increases and slash in government expenditure are the main issues. The retail surroundings go on to see numerous come to an end, as Woolworths; and some companies are ongoing by using unification or an acquisition. On the other hand Iceland has purchased about fifty stores with Bargain Madness, 99p stores, and Poundland is also acquiring a number of Woolworths stores. Furthermore, the market is at price wars; this takes place as a result of the slump. Waitrose, Asda and Tesco all expanded and extended their reduction lines in order to challenge the growing share of discounters such as Lidl. (Supermarkets Business Analysis 2011, UK). If we talk to any regular customer and discus with them about some of excellence, leading big super stores. The probability is far above the ground that one of the initial words they will say will be costly. Not outstanding service, wonderful variety or level cooperative employees. On the other hand costly but attractive, or You get what you pay for, but in the minds of normal customers, cost is approximately for eternity a mean aspect. A pricing strategy is a strategy where a business proposes a comparatively low price to rouse stipulate and increase market share and to attract more customers to offer them good prices and quality products. It is individual of 3 broad marketing strategies that could be able to implement by any super store. Therefore these are generally engaged where the manufactured goods have little or no cutthroat benefit or where financial system of level is attainable with advanced manufacture quantity. Also called low price strategy. In United Kingdom low pricing strategy is used as well and often by several super stores. Therefore it fallout in pricing their goods or services too near to the ground. Many super stores consider that containing the lowest cost in the marketplace will create them unbeaten. It believes that super stores can obtain business from their rivals cleanly by circulating the lowest price. The Poundland Story: The Poundland is the Europes largest only price cut rate seller and won the officially year 2011 Discount Retailer of the Year honour. It has more than 400 outlets across the United Kingdom, also together with Northern Ireland and it trade a broad variety of very quality top product and hold brand goods all for the only price end of  £1 only, as long as offering the consumers with remarkable price each day. This store serve up to Four million regular customers each week, It is an appealing shopping familiarity where customers are certain to purchase more than 3 thousands value goods and up to on thousand Top product, crosswise 17 shopping classes together with groceries and drink, health and beauty, domestic, crop growing, DIY, Animal food, Stationery, books, movies and Toys. Among a expansion policy of at slightest Sixty new outlets each year, Poundland is just the once yet again on way to generate more than Two thousands new employments. Till 2012 the 22 new outlets are have by now opened as well as Four in the Republic of Ireland. Last April, Poundland accomplish one more landmark by building its 400th outlet in Haringey, in the London city. Poundland has opened a new 200,000 four-sided figure in the south eastern delivery centre this month Huddleston, Hertfordshire area. The stockroom will sustain Poundlands expansion policy and also will become as a provincial competence to overhaul its outlets all through the England. The United Kingdom customers hang about underneath heaviness as for consequence of the continuing hard financial circumstances that feat in the United Kingdom and in the rest of the Europe. The goods are of growing value to dare consumers from all socioeconomic crowds. Despite the confront of the financial system and the aggressive atmosphere, Poundland is predictable to carry out strongly in the near-term time. Jim McCarthy, Poundlands CEO, states: Poundland carry on to present astonishing value to more than Four million consumers each week. Our well-built trade and volume boost show that consumers distinguish the outstanding worth for cash that our outlets propose. The Story of the Primark: The Primark is a clothing dealer; it is widely running in the Ireland, the Portugal, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, United Kingdom and Germany. It runs a whole of 1986 outlets with 38 in Ireland, 138 in the United Kingdom, 14 in Spain, 2 in Germany, 1 in Belgium 2 in Portugal and 1 in the Netherlands. On the other hand the corporation major center of operations are situated in Ireland while its operate as Penneys, the string is a contributory of Associated British Foods plc (ABF), and therefore eventually handled by the Weston family from side to side Wittington Investments. The corporation location itself as selling stylish clothing at cutthroat cost. The Low Price Promise of Primark: Primark can meet the expense of to put forward our consumers low cost by make use of a number of price saving policy. Primark has no promotion costs. Therefore it as an alternative relying on its customers doing the discussion about its products. in addition, Primark purchase and put up for sale in mass size. The Primark have more than 229 outlets in Ireland, and in the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Spain, , Belgium, Portugal and Germany. The Primarks purchasing power tolerates to purchase in mass size and it bypass the price reserves support to the purchaser. Therefore it remain outlay low where on earth is possible. Through modern supply pact to its outlets to have updated current style, as it appears in the open fashion market. Meanwhile the Primark has attain this in add up to of traditions together with heartbreaking into urban area, high streets position in larger, in additional prosperous position. It no more aim exclusively the near to the ground income consumer and therefore this is the primary target marketplace is youthful, style conscious less than 35s those who wish the stylish clothing at cutthroat cost. It helps these customers and is no more self-conscious to be distinguishing wearing low-cost garments trademarks. Primark is been mark in fashion magazine Vogue, as well as famous person were also seen wearing its clothing many times. Major fundamentals of Primark: Primark has continuous hurried expansion through cautious variety of locality in most important areas in the cities. Primark has enhanced outlets layouts which are further good-looking and customer forthcoming. Primark has trade the most up-to-date style goods at cutthroat cost from contractors from across the world. Primark has an managerial ethnicity that seats a much better importance on good customer services. Primark has draw soaring excellence workforce with a variety of trading ability and awareness. Primark has attained financial system of level as quantity of supply raise. Primark has advertising characteristic celebrities wearing Primark products Factor that contributed to successful research questions:- Being in such a competitive market, poundland and Primark are still in good business and it prompts questions that how can a super store manage to get profit and can survive for longer period of time by adopting a low cost strategy. Factors that need to be researched are whether they are managing their business by keeping low profit margins or by keeping the low quality of products or only by focusing on target marketing strategy and cheap labor rates. Our research will identify and investigate, what is the strategy that works out for them and what is the reason that makes them successful by keeping a low price strategy. Research Question: How a super store can earn Profit when it reduces its prices to beat the Rivals? Why are some Companies trying to include a low retail price strategy? Why Customers do attracted more towards the Low Price instead of Quality? Research Objectives: Conclude how Poundland and Primark can be capable of applying a low price strategy and stay Profitable? Which strategies or methods the companies must apply, to achieve a low cost strategy? Research Hypothesis: The low price Strategy will facilitate a business to catch the attention and keep hold of customers. Reason for the research: The Main reason of this research is to find out why Low Price Strategy is Important and how one super store can work on it for a long time and how it can earn profit as compared to its rivals. Moreover, what will be the impact of this strategy in the UK market and what methods and strategies can be used to keep it continue. Aims: To reduce the price of the items mostly sell at the stores to increase the sales and to attract more customers, to increase the market share as compared to the rivals. And to keep the good will of the super store. Objectives: This is to understand the future responsibility for improvement of productivity level. It has to analyze its sales Strategy and the prices as compared to rivals. The pricing is an important factor because its related to the sales of the products and also affects the other marketing mix elements such as products features, channels decisions and promotions etc. The super store just need to develop a marketing strategy, for that it has to perform marketing analysis, segmentation targets and locations of the stores, defining the products, distributions and promotional tactics. Meanwhile it has to include fixed and variable costs associated with the product. And to focus the likely competitors policies. After collecting the all information the super store needs to selects the pricing methods to develop the pricing structure and define the discounts and offers on the products. Literature review: Low price Strategy is a pricing strategy in which a super store suggests a comparatively low price to motivate demand and gain market share. (Business dictionary, 2011), The link among low price and profitability is not as simple; the analysis of some writings on the subject will be prepared in order to have an understandable idea of the topic; which is determinant for companies to stay challenging, and make bigger or increase their market share. (Web-Books, 2011) The Porters Generic Strategies: The Porters Generic Strategies is the best suitable tool to study the role and need of low price strategy for the selected companies, following is the brief review this strategy. The Cost Leadership: This strategy works on the super store by engaging market share to tempt to price-sensitive consumers. It can be attain by offering the lowest cost in the key market region, or having the lowest cost to cost ratio. Therefore to be thriving at offering the lowest price as still achieving profit and a soaring return on plan, the super store has to be able to work at a lesser cost than its rivals. (Web-Books, 2011) The first move is attaining a high asset return. It will involve manufacturing of high quantity of production. These come up to mean the fixed costs are spread over a bigger number of units of the products, ensuing in a lesser unit expenditure. Higher intensity of output both need and result in soaring market share, and generate an entry barrier to possible rivals, who may not capable to get the scale required to go with the firms low costs and prices. (Web-Books, 2011) Also it is important to attain low direct and indirect working costs. This is attaining by offering high level of standardized goods, offering necessary basic products and restrictive customization and personalization of service. The Manufacturing expenses are kept lowest by using fewer components or equipments, and also by using standard components or the equipments, and by avoiding the amount of form produced to make sure larger produced run. Expenses are reserved low by paying low salary, locating building in low rent areas, setting up an economical background, etc. (Web-Books, 2011) The Differentiation Strategy: The differentiation strategy is appropriate where the target shoppers are not caring about the prices of the products. On the other hand the market is cut-throat and shoppers have very precise needs and choices and which are perhaps under-served, and mean while the store has perfect resources and prospective which let them to fulfil their needs in ways that are tough to copy. (Web-Books, 2011) The Alternative on the Differentiation Strategy: The Strategy that extends a large base of resources that gives out the store to survive against the rivals by using a differentiation strategy. A super store with larger resources can manage threat and sustain income more simply than one with less resources. This deep-pocket strategy gives a short-term benefit only. If a super store requires the capability for frequent improvement, it will not carry on its competitive place in sector. (Web-Books, 2011) The Focus or Strategic Scope: A focused strategy must target market sector that are not as much of vulnerable to alternative or where a rivalry is weakest to produce above-average return on asset. By assuming a broad spotlight level and the standard is unaffected and the store must set up the requirements for the mass market, and to battle either on low cost or differentiation (feature, product name) depending on its income and skill level. (Web-Books, 2011) The Low Pricing Strategy: The Pricing strategy depends on three major faces: cost and profit objectives, customers requirement and competition. Meanwhile to patch up the price, primary add all the expanses and deduct any other cause of income in this way the least amount of profit will be accessible, On the other hand it will provide least amount of the price. At this time it can be measured as customers and the demand for any product to determine the upper limit selling price. In the last part, once having the price choice, and to use revenue objectives in a sequence about the competition to decide the best price. (Dana Griffin, 1999). The most frequent pricing strategies are: Price it Below the Competition. If Primark and Poundland, the two major market companies, It is possible that this thing could happened that when these two companies adopt this policy therefore deliberately and in a marketplace whose formation and consumers make the lowest-price approach feasible These tow companies will have to a based on cutthroat improvement for themselves. And if they dont, then there will be a possibility that there will be a price war that will put down and their rivalry with minor Profits and minor cost earlier than. The Low Pricing is the most key mechanism of marketing and sales policy, which is a part of a complete business preparation. Conveying manufactured goods cost is a strategic action. The price which these tow companies will allocate will show how customers analyze their manufactured goods and whether they will buy it. Cost also helps distinguish the manufactured goods from the other rivals. Though, the cost that set should be in stroke with the other marketing policy and the manufactured goods characteristic. Meanwhile these two companies introduce a proper marketing arrangement, creating some of the examiner essential for a marketing map earlier to influential the pricing policy it will execute and is significant. The information achieve from the study will assist in turning over suitable cost to the goods or services. The Pricing Strategy: The Pricing Strategy is principally based on the Cost, the based on the Demand or the based on the Competition Consequently the cost-based price, the cost are simply planned on producers costs and the mandatory profit inclusive of bearing in mind the requisite. On the other hand the demand-based pricing, customers study helps to determine the suitable price choice, after that it can be conclude profit and cost. While the competition-based pricing, the prices are stand on the rivals. After all depending on consumers devotion, or brand differentiation. (Dana Griffin, 1999). The 4 Key Pricing Strategies: There was a time when most of the companies used to suggest the prices for their every product and wholesaler minimally charged that prices. Any differentiation then was simply on convenience, environment, manufactured goods diversity and value of service of the seller at that time. Here are the 4 main policies: Hi-Lo Pricing Strategy: To commence a diverse factor of differentiation, a big figure of seller going ahead dropping the cost of means goods, in command towards grasp the awareness of consumers keen on their stores, therefore they would purchase erstwhile produce as fine as the reduced-prices. Therefore Hi-Lo pricing was happening, and in the mean time it swiftly became the model everywhere. The seller earned little income or even a faced loss but on the other hand; on the price-reduced produce revert to the income in the better sales of other useful lines. The Hi-Lo pricing also found an aspect of fervour into shopping for consumers and the customers felt good when they had experience the excellent good deal, and this would be able to persuade them to revisit the same store. Peter Clark (co-author, The Loyalty Guide) The Every Day Low Pricing Strategy: This strategy is used to attract to the even more straightforward customers, and to make easier and helpful shopping for those customers who dont have enough time for shopping. Meanwhile on the other hand other retailer gears this pricing policy so they could incriminate a realistic, but low-as-possible cost for all products they offer inside the store to sell. It is very popular these days. For those customers from whom shopping is an unpleasant task to be handle as easily and swiftly as possible, This strategy is the best solution. There is no need to shop here and there and there is no need to collect the vouchers, also there is any need to waste the time. Meanwhile, this approach shows the face up to the retailer; therefore within the nonexistence of further differentiators of some dependability demonstrates is to the cost charged, not to the selling. So the customers force desert to a rival who start to incriminate somewhat lesser cost. The Profit Up Front Strategy: About 3 decades ago, Hi-Lo pricing and EDLP were transformed into a new strategy which was known as Profit-up-front pricing. In this strategy customers were bound to get the unique membership and they were privileged to get special discount on products at extremely at very low price as known as whole sale price. All they had to pay some fixed annual or monthly price. It also depends on super store to super store how much they charge or whether they charge their customers on monthly basis or annual basis. Peter Clark (co-author, The Loyalty Guide) The Access Pricing Strategy: The main aspect of the Strategy is to offer to differentiate the prices on necessary items among regular and irregular customers in an open and noticeable way. Consequently it is tough for the superstores to propose higher prices to the habitual customers and low prices to the irregular customers within the similar market. But in few developed countries there was a problem that why a poor people should pay more than rich regular customers? Currently this strategy is available in most store and business outlets as a points-based loyalty card one the example is Nectar Card. Peter Clark (co-author, The Loyalty Guide) Generic approach and business Forces: Industry Force Generic Strategies Cost Leadership Differentiation Spotlight Entry Barriers Capability to slash cost within reprisal prevents possible entrants. Shopper trustworthiness is able to discourage possible entrants. The focus increase center competencies that can take act as an entrance barrier. Buyer Power Capability to propose minor price to powerful buyers. Great consumer has fewer influences to agree because of few close substitutes. The large buyer has less influence to bargain as of little substitutes. Supplier Power Enhanced protect from commanding suppliers. To able to exceed on providers price increase to the consumers. The retailer has authority of low quantity, other than a differentiation-focused is well again nurture to avoid on provider price as increases. Threat of Substitutes Be able to use low cost to defend beside alternate. Customers turn into close to distinguish quality, reducing risk of substitutes. Meanwhile particular supplies core competencies support against the alternates. Rivalry Improved able to battle on price. Product authenticity to keep consumers from rivals. Competitor cannot collect differentiation-focused customer requirements. (Quick-mba, 2011) As given above there is a plain clarification that how to stay or attain a low price strategy and being the existing super store and it can use cost leadership strategy to create barriers to entry of new rivals. The key strategy which is motivating for the reason of this report is the price direction. This facilitate business not only to boost their market share, but also to avoid competitors from concern the same strategy, as there is a difficulty from entrant as their price is low. Low price Strategy is based on the ability of the super store to create and bring products of competitive quality at lower cost. This figure expresses as well that to make it in the low cost Strategy, the need to have strong relationships with supplier. According to Alagse.com website on customer focused low cost leadership strategy, one vital point as well to succeed in the low cost Strategys to construct a strong relationship with supplier; as they have control over their inbound supplies and logistics . Therefore, business can make sure suppliers of the stability of the command; as for the suppliers, it is the promise of supplies on a habitual basis which introduce mainly. (Alagse.com) Research Methodology: Definition: Pattron (2009, online) defined research methodology as a very intellectual human action used in the examination of nature and issue and deals distinctively with the way in which facts is collected, analyzed and interpreted. The reason to execute the study to find out answers of the questions from side to side the use of logical measures. The key aim of this research is to discover out the accuracy which is unseen and that has to uncover. Approach to the research scope:- The span of my inspection is to examine the issue that make the low cost strategy successful in retail business in the United Kingdom Market. The research objectives and questions are designed in a way so that they first explore how companies in retail industry are making profits by adopting low cost strategy. This research will also examine why customers get attracted by low cost products more and can do negotiation on feature and factors while they make a purchase. Also in this research, descriptive technique of research has been used and investigation questionnaires was spread among the random people with the help of social networking websites like facebook, and linkedin to get the response that inspect the research questions. I have carry out a preliminary literature review to investigate what other authors write about my research topic. All findings in this literature review are meant to serve as a bottom for with the consequences of my prime data collection. The comparison between the two will help to either prove or disprove my research hypothesis. Deductive Research Approach the Targeted Participants: The subsequent information will center on 2 companies successful in the United Kingdom retailing market, as they are famous for using a low price Strategy (Primark Poundland). The use of the survey sample (see appendix) that have been published online among males and females; feedbacks established by discussing with customers around selected retailing business; report from chosen companies; and finally information found in some particular reports and books will help to review the facts and figures composed, this in arrange to have a improved plan of the low price Strategy. Research Techniques: This report will be using 2 types of process together and analyze information. However data will be gathered from secondary and primary data or through quantitative and qualitative. Qualitative research methods are a mixture of balanced, explorative and spontaneous. (Van Maanen, 1983; Strauss and Corbin, 1990). Quantitative research technique is associated with collecting individual data and aggregates are to study organization. Hence they are linked with any measurable thing or figure; providing the examiner with range of numbers, which are available in figures, graphical forms, and tabulations. Data Collection: The Data was collected primarily and secondarily. Total number of 10 questionnaire samples was used to obtain primary data from Customers; I had used an online survey. I built and an online survey with the help of free online survey web site and then I share the link online and via email and via social networking website and soon I stated receiving the responses. All the people were targeted who were mostly visiting the Primark and Poundland very often. They have had specified the clearer opinion about their shopping behavior. This survey will help me to find out the root level reality about the low price strategy and how it works and affect the common people. It will also help me to make the decision that is the people are really enjoying the offers of low price strategy or not. And is it beneficial to the selected companies or not. While secondary data taken from books, and helpful websites. This helped me to be familiar with the role of Low Price Strategy in any organization espec ially in Poundland and Primark. To start with, a survey plus informal debate with 30 customers was used to have a common view; to determine to what level they are worry with the low price strategy (low cost as well according to the business glossary) used by whichever Poundland or Primark; and on the selling market in common. Secondly, data is provided by the 2 companies through their websites (www.poundland.co.uk, and www.primark.co.uk) Along with the help of book (Michael E, Porter) and information was helpful to have an improved accepting of the low price Strategy Population Sample: For the reason of this study convenience sampling will be considered. A sample of 40 Customers approximately was considered from different areas. To rush the collection and response, questionnaire was circulated through social networking websites like facebook and email. A total amount of more than thirty one filled questionnaires were returned and rest was not completely filled. ANALYSES OF RESULT: The reason of this research is to find the role of Low Retail Strategy in the market of UK and I have the perfect examples of the two giving stores which help me to study about this strategy. And with the help of this survey it is very easy to understand the that the customers do appreciated the low prices of the products they need and if this strategy is followed by other giants of the market then there will be a big price war. But only those companies will be successful who will not only reduces the prices but will also focus on their quality of products as well as their customer services. Questionnaire and its outcomes: Here it will be discussed that how the questionnaire is analyzed. The report used a convenience sampling by distributing a total number of 97 people and the questionnaires was containing 10 questions but only 66 people had return the filled Questionnaire and I consider the 66 filled questionnaires. For this survey I had build a survey on a free online survey website which is www.instant.ly/survey and I had share the link via my email and over the facebook communities. The following grid shows the entire history of the survey performed by the people who were involved in this survey Londoners in the first column stands for the people I hit were random customers lived in the London city and their ages were from 20 to 35. They were contacted through emails and a survey website. The 39 people had opened the link of survey and out of 30 of them had completed it. The second column show they survey link I distributed through web email and got the responses email was sent to 46 and 26 had completed successfully. The last shows the facebook contacts these people helped to performed 10 surveys out of the 12. The total number of 97 people was touched and 66 were the successful responses. Your Gender is? The first question of the survey is about the gender, it was essential to ask and to know the trend that how many make and female are more attracted to this strategy. Therefore according to the result 53% males likes the lows price retails and purchasing the item on low price from Primark and Poundland as compare to Females which were just 47%. Q2: What time did you last shop? (Whichever clothes from Primark or Grocery from Poundland). Gender proportion categorization according to the super store: In the next question of the survey it was asked to the people that when they shop last time on the two specified stores. They were gives the few options to choose which were, did they shop this week? Last week or more than a week ago? In the result 30% people said they shop this week, while 18% had shop last week and nearly 52% people had shop more than last week. Below the graph is a table grid which distinguished the males and females who shop according to the question 2. According to that 30% male and 25% female shop from the two given stores during the current week. This makes the total number of

How Wilfred Owen Challenges The Romanticised & Glamorised Picture Of Wa

How Wilfred Owen Challenges The Romanticised & Glamorised Picture Of War This essay is to explain and to show how Wilfred Owen challenges the glamorised image surrounding the war. This glamorous image was created by the media in order to get people to join up for the war, as a result of the propaganda people believed that it was honourable to go to war and you would be regarded as a hero. To do this I will need to present evidence, using quotes and commentating on his various writing techniques. To show this I am going to write about two of his poems: Dulce et decorum est and Disabled. Both of these poems are renowned for challenging the propaganda created by the media and proves that it was all lies created to make people sign up for war and it's not in any way honourable, heroic, glamorous or romantic to die in the war. These poems have credibility because Owen has first hand experience in the war as he served in WW1. He uses this to his advantage and writes truthfully and openly to crush any remaining propaganda that may still say that it is sweet and fitting to die for your country. Dulce et decorum est is a poem that follows a nameless man through a day during WW1 and describes some of the things that he saw. He writes that they look 'like old beggars'. This is an effective simile because when you think of 'old beggars' you think of dirty, scruffy, weak ill people, which is a complete contradictory to the image of a soldier that the media created using propaganda. They were 'coughing like old hags'. This is a simile. 'hags' are unhealthy and unfit and this is not what soldiers are expected to be like. 'All went lame, all blind;/Drunk with fatigue.' This is written in the past tense and it is ono... ... same but it is put in different style of writing. At the end in Dulce he directly addresses the reader, angrily and definite. Disabled has the same message but instead of telling you what you should and shouldn't do it makes you think. The message is there but in a different way. The characters in each poem are completely different. Dulce's character is written about in first person narrative and the man who dies is anonymous, which I think symbolises how you don't have to know some one to be permanently affected by their death. It shows that death can strike anyone. The man died by accident. Disabled though gave us a history of the character, so we knew a little bit about his personality and what he used to be like before the war. I think this shows us how much one person can be changed and how his life has been ruined just because he couldn't say no.

Ted Hughes The Jaguar Essay -- English Literature Essays

Ted Hughes' 'The Jaguar' How effectively does Hughes convey the power of the jaguar? Ted Hughes’ poem ‘The Jaguar’ describes the animals in a zoo and their lifestyles. It also compares them to the jaguar, which is an animal that lives differently to the others in the way that it views its life. The poem depicts the jaguar as powerful, but in what way? The first line of Ted Hughes’ poem the jaguar is: â€Å"The apes yawn and adore their fleas in the sun.† From the very first three words it is clear that the apes are tired, and the fact that they are in the sun adds to the sleepy air. I think this line was deliberately chosen to begin to convey the monotonous lull of everyday life in the zoo and set a drowsy mood. They are â€Å"adoring† their fleas, which is not a word commonly used in these circumstances. Playing with fleas is normal behaviour for apes, but the use of the word adoring suggests that they are glad of the distraction in their lethargic state. From this line, the apes do not sound threatening, more bored. The second line has a rather different tone; it tells of the parrots that screech as if on fire. Parrots do indeed screech, so this is literal, but it has connotations of pain or perhaps boredom. Obviously they are not literally on fire, so these words could have been chosen to help exhibit their brightly coloured plumage or to remain with the painful image and to display their banshee-like screaming. The end of the line includes enjambment and expresses how the parrots strut like â€Å"cheap tarts to attract the stroller with the nut.† â€Å"Cheap tarts† may also have connotations of the bright, tacky colours of parrots’ feathers, but the parrots also mean to attract attention with their screeches and strutting. Line three goes on to speak of the tiger and lion, who are apparently â€Å"fatigued with indolence†. Again the tone is of sleepiness and possibly boredom, and the idleness of the animals in question. The animals are tired, and in the wild they would probably be more likely to be hunting rather than lazing about in the middle of the day. This particular line is also an example of enjambment, as it runs into the next verse. The last words of the first stanza are: â€Å"tiger and lion† and the first words of the second are: â€Å"lie still as the sun.† The end of the first stanza is therefore going on to a different subject, which intrigues th... ...fe very differently because of the way he beholds it. The crowd at the zoo is not very interested in the zoo creatures until they encounter the jaguar, and is so stunned to see an animal living as it would in its natural habitat that they are enthralled by it. The jaguar is depicted as powerful in that the crowd is in awe of it, and this is very different to how they see the other animals because he acts as he would in his natural home. Therefore the jaguar has power over the watching people because he is grabbing their attention and in effect controlling them. The jaguar has also been depicted as powerful in comparison to the other animals, who have let the cage become their way of living. The jaguar instead is totally ignorant of the cage and instead still believes himself to be in his old environment, and since he is by himself he is automatically the ruler of his environment. He is powerful in the way he moves, which is with refinement and at some points rage, because he move s in a way that illustrates power. He believes himself to be powerful and therefore he is. Overall, the poem successfully describes the jaguar as a powerful being in every respect addressed in the poem. Ted Hughes' 'The Jaguar' Essay -- English Literature Essays Ted Hughes' 'The Jaguar' How effectively does Hughes convey the power of the jaguar? Ted Hughes’ poem ‘The Jaguar’ describes the animals in a zoo and their lifestyles. It also compares them to the jaguar, which is an animal that lives differently to the others in the way that it views its life. The poem depicts the jaguar as powerful, but in what way? The first line of Ted Hughes’ poem the jaguar is: â€Å"The apes yawn and adore their fleas in the sun.† From the very first three words it is clear that the apes are tired, and the fact that they are in the sun adds to the sleepy air. I think this line was deliberately chosen to begin to convey the monotonous lull of everyday life in the zoo and set a drowsy mood. They are â€Å"adoring† their fleas, which is not a word commonly used in these circumstances. Playing with fleas is normal behaviour for apes, but the use of the word adoring suggests that they are glad of the distraction in their lethargic state. From this line, the apes do not sound threatening, more bored. The second line has a rather different tone; it tells of the parrots that screech as if on fire. Parrots do indeed screech, so this is literal, but it has connotations of pain or perhaps boredom. Obviously they are not literally on fire, so these words could have been chosen to help exhibit their brightly coloured plumage or to remain with the painful image and to display their banshee-like screaming. The end of the line includes enjambment and expresses how the parrots strut like â€Å"cheap tarts to attract the stroller with the nut.† â€Å"Cheap tarts† may also have connotations of the bright, tacky colours of parrots’ feathers, but the parrots also mean to attract attention with their screeches and strutting. Line three goes on to speak of the tiger and lion, who are apparently â€Å"fatigued with indolence†. Again the tone is of sleepiness and possibly boredom, and the idleness of the animals in question. The animals are tired, and in the wild they would probably be more likely to be hunting rather than lazing about in the middle of the day. This particular line is also an example of enjambment, as it runs into the next verse. The last words of the first stanza are: â€Å"tiger and lion† and the first words of the second are: â€Å"lie still as the sun.† The end of the first stanza is therefore going on to a different subject, which intrigues th... ...fe very differently because of the way he beholds it. The crowd at the zoo is not very interested in the zoo creatures until they encounter the jaguar, and is so stunned to see an animal living as it would in its natural habitat that they are enthralled by it. The jaguar is depicted as powerful in that the crowd is in awe of it, and this is very different to how they see the other animals because he acts as he would in his natural home. Therefore the jaguar has power over the watching people because he is grabbing their attention and in effect controlling them. The jaguar has also been depicted as powerful in comparison to the other animals, who have let the cage become their way of living. The jaguar instead is totally ignorant of the cage and instead still believes himself to be in his old environment, and since he is by himself he is automatically the ruler of his environment. He is powerful in the way he moves, which is with refinement and at some points rage, because he move s in a way that illustrates power. He believes himself to be powerful and therefore he is. Overall, the poem successfully describes the jaguar as a powerful being in every respect addressed in the poem.

Strategy Implementation Essay -- Business, Organizational Design

This report provides an analysis and evaluation of strategy implementation used by California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) and discusses the effectiveness of their strategy through organization design, control systems, people and culture. My research concluded that CPK relies on control systems to undertake a majority of the company’s operational activities and that human resources and organizational culture must support the strategy implemented, which it does in in the case of CPK. Introduction Strategic implementation is a critical factor when making decisions regarding issues that affect the vision, mission, or objectives of an organization. Strategies are often implemented in accordance to the culture of the organization, the nature of control systems, the stakeholders, and the nature of the organizational design. In order to achieve success in the implementation of strategies, the structure of these factors must work in coordination with one another. For instance, the strategic vision of CPK lies in the creation of a globally recognized brand name and therefore, all of the goals and objectives of CPK must be directed in realizing that the company achieves this objective (California Pizza Kitchen 2011). Furthermore, the vision statement is inclusive in itself in that it communicates the message in a directional, flexible, and focused manner. Strategic implementation entails the application of deliberate management processes to achieve the desired results. Predominantly, the process is achieved through the selection of implementation approaches that are related to an organization’s structure, management of human resources, developing, decision-making and information processes, allocating resources, determining desirable ... ...ementation of strategies within the company. Lastly, symbols do play important roles at CPK and this includes the iconic leadership of the founders, Rick Rosenfield and Larry Flax. Conclusion Strategy implementation is an important feature at CPK and the type of strategies implemented depend on organizational design, structure, human resources (people), organizational culture, and the use of control systems (Bradford and Duncan, 2000). Even though the mission statements are not openly stated anywhere, they are very essential in influencing the types of strategies implemented by the company and must be executed in such a way that influences the performance of the company. Human resources and organizational culture must support the strategy implemented. Lastly, CPK depends on control systems to undertake majority of the company’s operational activities.

Chameleon Chips

INTRODUCTION Today's microprocessors sport a general-purpose design which has its own advantages and disadvantages. ? Adv: One chip can run a range of programs. That's why you don't need separate computers for different jobs, such as crunching spreadsheets or editing digital photos ? Disadv: For any one application, much of the chip's circuitry isn't needed, and the presence of those â€Å"wasted† circuits slows things down. Suppose, instead, that the chip's circuits could be tailored specifically for the problem at hand–say, computer-aided design–and then rewired, on the fly, when you loaded a tax-preparation program. One set of chips, little bigger than a credit card, could do almost anything, even changing into a wireless phone. The market for such versatile marvels would be huge, and would translate into lower costs for users. So computer scientists are hatching a novel concept that could increase number-crunching power–and trim costs as well. Call it the chameleon chip. Chameleon chips would be an extension of what can already be done with field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAS). An FPGA is covered with a grid of wires. At each crossover, there's a switch that can be semipermanently opened or closed by sending it a special signal. Usually the chip must first be inserted in a little box that sends the programming signals. But now, labs in Europe, Japan, and the U. S. are developing techniques to rewire FPGA-like chips anytime–and even software that can map out circuitry that's optimized for specific problems. The chips still won't change colors. But they may well color the way we use computers in years to come. it is a fusion between custom integrated circuits and programmable logic. in the case when we are doing highly performance oriented tasks custom chips that do one or two things spectacularly rather than lot of things averagely is used. Now using field programmed chips we have chips that can be rewired in an instant. Thus the benefits of customization can be brought to the mass market. [pic]A reconfigurable processor is a microprocessor with erasable hardware that can rewire itself dynamically. This allows the chip to adapt effectively to the programming tasks demanded by the particular software they are interfacing with at any given time. Ideally, the reconfigurable processor can transform itself from a video chip to a central processing unit (cpu) to a graphics chip, for example, all optimized to allow applications to run at the highest possible speed. The new chips can be called a â€Å"chip on demand. † In practical terms, this ability can translate to immense flexibility in terms of device functions. For example, a single device could serve as both a camera and a tape recorder (among numerous other possibilities): you would simply download the desired software and the processor would reconfigure itself to optimize performance for that function. Reconfigurable processors, competing in the market with traditional hard-wired chips and several types of programmable microprocessors. Programmable chips have been in existence for over ten years. Digital signal processors (DSPs), for example, are high-performance programmable chips used in cell phones, automobiles, and various types of music players. Another version, programmable logic chips are equipped with arrays of memory cells that can be programmed to perform hardware functions using software tools. These are more flexible than the specialized DSP chips but also slower and more expensive. Hard-wired chips are the oldest, cheapest, and fastest – but also the least flexible – of all the options. Chameleon chips Highly flexible processors that can be reconfigured remotely in the field, Chameleon's chips are designed to simplify communication system design while delivering increased price/performance numbers. The chameleon chip is a high bandwidth reconfigurable communications processor (RCP). it aims at changing a system's design from a remote location. This will mean more versatile handhelds. Processors operate at 24,000 16-bit million operations per second (MOPS), 3,000 16-bit million multiply-accumulates per second (MMACS), and provide 50 channels of CDMA2000 chip-rate processing. The 0. 25-micron chip, the CS2112 is an example. These new chips are able to rewire themselves on the fly to create the exact hardware needed to run a piece of software at the utmost speed. an example of such kind of a chip is a chameleon chip. this can also be called a â€Å"chip on demand† â€Å"Reconfigurable computing goes a step beyond programmable chips in the matter of flexibility. It is not only possible but relatively commonplace to â€Å"rewrite† the silicon so that it can perform new functions in a split second. Reconfigurable chips are simply the extreme end of programmability. † The overall performance of the ACM can surpass the DSP because the ACM only constructs the actual hardware needed to execute the software, whereas DSPs and microprocessors force the software to fit its given architecture. One reason that this type of versatility is not possible today is that handheld gadgets are typically built around highly optimized specialty chips that do one thing really well. These chips are fast and relatively cheap, but their circuits are literally written in stone — or at least in silicon. A multipurpose gadget would have to have many specialized chips — a costly and clumsy solution. Alternately, you could use a general-purpose microprocessor, like the one in your PC, but that would be slow as well as expensive. For these reasons, chip designers are turning increasingly to reconfigurable hardware—integrated circuits where the architecture of the internal logic elements can be arranged and rearranged on the fly to fit particular applications. Designers of multimedia systems face three significant challenges in today's ultra-competitive marketplace: Our products must do more, cost less, and be brought to the market quicker than ever. Though each of these goals is individually attainable, the hat trick is generally unachievable with traditional design and implementation techniques. Fortunately, some new techniques are emerging from the study of reconfigurable computing that make it possible to design systems that satisfy all three requirements simultaneously. Although originally proposed in the late 1960s by a researcher at UCLA, reconfigurable computing is a relatively new field of study. The decades-long delay had mostly to do with a lack of acceptable reconfigurable hardware. Reprogrammable logic chips like field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been around for many years, but these chips have only recently reached gate densities making them suitable for high-end applications. (The densest of the current FPGAs have approximately 100,000 reprogrammable logic gates. ) With an anticipated doubling of gate densities every 18 months, the situation will only become more favorable from this point forward. The primary product is a groundstation equipment for satellite communications. This application involves high-rate communications, signal processing, and a variety of network protocols and data formats. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS Its applications are in, ? data-intensive Internet ? DSP ? wireless basestations ? voice compression ? software-defined radio ? high-performance embedded telecom and datacom applications ? xDSL concentrators ? fixed wireless local loop ? multichannel voice compression ? multiprotocol packet and cell processing protocols Its advantages are ? can create customized communications signal processors ? increased erformance and channel count ? can more quickly adapt to new requirements and standards ? lower development costs and reduce risk. FPGA One of the most promising approaches in the realm of reconfigurable architecture is a technology called â€Å"field-programmable gate arrays. † The strategy is to build uniform arrays of thousands of logic elements, each of which can take on the personality of different, fundamental component s of digital circuitry; the switches and wires can be reprogrammed to operate in any desired pattern, effectively rewiring a chip's circuitry on demand. A designer can download a new wiring pattern and store it in the chip's memory, where it can be easily accessed when needed. Not so hard after all Reconfigurable hardware first became practical with the introduction a few years ago of a device called a â€Å"field-programmable gate array† (FPGA) by Xilinx, an electronics company that is now based in San Jose, California. An FPGA is a chip consisting of a large number of â€Å"logic cells†. These cells, in turn, are sets of transistors wired together to perform simple logical operations. Evolving FPGAs FPGAs are arrays of logic blocks that are strung together through software commands to implement higher-order logic functions. Logic blocks are similar to switches with multiple inputs and a single output, and are used in digital circuits to perform binary operations. Unlike with other integrated circuits, developers can alter both the logic functions performed within the blocks and the connections between the blocks of FPGAs by sending signals that have been programmed in software to the chip. FPGA blocks can perform the same high-speed hardware functions as fixed-function ASICs, and—to distinguish them from ASICs—they can be rewired and reprogrammed at any time from a remote location through software. Although it took several seconds or more to change connections in the earliest FPGAs, FPGAs today can be configured in milliseconds. Field-programmable gate arrays have historically been applied as what is called glue logic in embedded systems, connecting devices with dissimilar bus architectures. They have often been used to link digital signal processors—cpus used for digital signal processing—to general-purpose cpus. The growth in FPGA technology has lifted the arrays beyond the simple role of providing glue logic. With their current capabilities, they clearly now can be classed as system-level components just like cpus and DSPs. The largest of the FPGA devices made by the company with which one of the authors of this article is affiliated, for example, has more than 150 billion transistors, seven times more than a Pentium-class microprocessor. Given today's time-to-market pressures, it is increasingly critical that all system-level components be easy to integrate, especially since the phase involving the integration of multiple technologies has become the most time-consuming part of a product's development cycle. To Integrating Hardware and Software systems designers producing mixed cpu and FPGA designs can take advantage of deterministic real-time operating systems (RTOSs). Deterministic software is suited for controlling hardware. As such, it can be used to efficiently manage the content of system data and the flow of such data from a cpu to an FPGA. FPGA developers can work with RTOS suppliers to facilitate the design and deployment of systems using combinations of the two technologies. FPGAs operating in conjunction with embedded design tools provide an ideal platform for developing high-performance reconfigurable computing solutions for medical instrument applications. The platform supports the design, development, and testing of embedded systems based on the C language. Integration of FPGA technology into systems using a deterministic RTOS can be streamlined by means of an enhanced application programming interface (API). The blending of hardware, firmware, application software, and an RTOS into a platform-based approach removes many of the development barriers that still limit the functionality of embedded applications. Development, profiling, and analysis tools are available that can be used to analyze computational hot spots in code and to perform low-level timing analysis in multitasking environments. One way developers can use these analytical tools is to determine when to design a function in hardware or software. Profiling enables them to quickly identify functionality that is frequently used or computationally intensive. Such functions may be prime candidates for moving from software to FPGA hardware. An integrated suite of run-time analysis tools with a run-time error checker and visual interactive profiler can help developers create higher-quality, higher-performance code in little time. An FPGA consists of an array of configurable logic blocks that implement the logical functions. In FPGA's, the logic functions performed within the logic blocks, and sending signals to the chip can alter the connections between the blocks. These blocks are similar in structure to the gate arrays used in some ASIC's, but whereas standard gate arrays are configured and fixed during manufacture, the configurable logic blocks in new FPGA's can be rewired and reprogrammed repeatedly in around a microsecond. One advantages of FPGA is that it needs small time to market Flexibility and Upgrade advantages Cheap to make . We can configure an FPGA using Very High Density Language [VHDL] Handel C Java . FPGA’s are used presently in Encryption Image Processing Mobile Communications . FPGA’s can be used in 4G mobile communication The advantages of FPGAs are that Field programmable gate arrays offer companies the possibility of develloping a chip very quickly, since a chip can be configured by software. A chip can also be reconfigured, either during execution time, or as part of an upgrade to allow new applications, simply by loading new configuration into the chip. The advantages can be seen in terms of cost, speed and power consumption. The added functionality of multi-parallelism allows one FPGA to replace multiple ASIC’s. The applications of FPGA’s are in ? image processing ? encryption ? mobile communication memory management and digital signal processing ? telephone units ? mobile base stations. Although it is very hard to predict the direction this technology will take, it seems more than likely that future silicon chips will be a combination of programmable logic, memory blocks and specific function blocks, such as floating point units. It is hard to predict at this early stage, but it lo oks likely that the technology will have to change over the coming years, and the rate of change for major players in todays marketplace such as Intel, Microsoft and AMD will be crucial to their survival. The precise behaviour of each cell is determined by loading a string of numbers into a memory underneath it. The way in which the cells are interconnected is specified by loading another set of numbers into the chip. Change the first set of numbers and you change what the cells do. Change the second set and you change the way they are linked up. Since even the most complex chip is, at its heart, nothing more than a bunch of interlinked logic circuits, an FPGA can be programmed to do almost anything that a conventional fixed piece of logic circuitry can do, just by loading the right numbers into its memory. And by loading in a different set of numbers, it can be reconfigured in the twinkling of an eye. Basic reconfigurable circuits already play a huge role in telecommunications. For instance, relatively simple versions made by companies such as Xilinx and Altera are widely used for network routers and switches, enabling circuit designs to be easily updated electronically without replacing chips. In these early applications, however, the speed at which the chips reconfigure themselves is not critical. To be quick enough for personal information devices, the chips will need to completely reconfigure themselves in a millisecond or less. â€Å"That kind of chameleon device would be the killer app of reconfigurable computing† These experts predict that in the next couple of years reconfigurable systems will be used in cell phones to handle things like changes in telecommunications systems or standards as users travel between calling regions — or between countries. As it is getting more expensive and difficult to pattern, or etch, the elaborate circuitry used in microprocessors; many experts have predicted that maintaining the current rate of putting more circuits into ever smaller spaces will, sometime in the next 10 to 15 years, result in features on microchips no bigger than a few atoms, which would demand a nearly impossible level of precision in fabricating circuitry But reconfigurable chips don't need that type of precision and we can make computers that function at the nanoscale level. CS2112 (a reconfigurable processor developed by chameleon systems) RCP architecture is designed to be as flexible as an FPGA, and as easy to program as a digital signal processor (DSP), with real-time, visual debugging capability. The development environment, comprising Chameleon's C-SIDE software tool suite and CT2112SDM development kit, enables customers to develop and debug communication and signal processing systems running on the RCP. The RCP's development environment helps overcome a fundamental design and debug challenge facing communication system designers. In order to build sufficient performance, channel capacity, and flexibility into their systems, today's designers have been forced to employ an amalgamation of DSPs, FPGAs and ASICs, each of which requires a unique design and debug environment. The RCP platform was designed from the ground up to alleviate this problem: first by significantly exceeding the performance and channel capacity of the fastest DSPs; second by integrating a complete SoC subsystem, including an embedded microprocessor, PCI core, DMA function, and high-speed bus; and third by consolidating the design and debug environment into a single platform-based design system that affords the designer comprehensive visibility and control. The C-SIDE software suite includes tools used to compile C and assembly code for execution on the CS2112's embedded microprocessor, and Verilog simulation and synthesis tools used to create parallel datapath kernels which run on the CS2112's reconfigurable processing fabric. In addition to code generation tools, the package contains source-level debugging tools that support simulation and real-time debugging. Chameleon's design approach leverages the methods employed by most of today's communications system designers. The designer starts with a C program that models signal processing functions of the baseband system. Having identified the dataflow intensive functional blocks, the designer implements them in the RCP to accelerate them by 10- to 100-fold. The designer creates equivalent functions for those blocks, called kernels, in Chameleon's reconfigurable assembly language-like design entry language. The assembler then automatically generates standard Verilog for these kernels that the designer can verify with commercial Verilog simulators. Using these tools, the designer can compare testbench results for the original C functions with similar results for the Verilog kernels. In the next phase, the designer synthesises the Verilog kernels using Chameleon's synthesis tools targeting Chameleon technology. At the end, the tools output a bit file that is used to configure the RCP. The designer then integrates the application level C code with Verilog kernels and the rest of the standard C function. Chameleon's C-SIDE compiler and linker technology makes this integration step transparent to the designer. The CS2112 development environment makes all chip registers and memory locations accessible through a development console that enables full processor-like debugging, including features like single-stepping and setting breakpoints. Before actually productising the system, the designer must often perform a system-level simulation of the data flow within the context of the overall system. Chameleon's development board enables the designer to connect multiple RCPs to other devices in the system using the PCI bus and/or programmable I/O pins. This helps prove the design concept, and enables the designer to profile the performance of the whole basestation system in a real-world environment. With telecommunications OEMs facing shrinking product life cycles and increasing market pressures, not to mention the constant flux of protocols and standards, it's more necessary than ever to have a platform that's reconfigurable. This is where the chameleon chips are going to make its effect felt. The Chameleon CS2112 Package is a high-bandwidth, reconfigurable communications processor aimed at ? second- and third-generation wireless base stations fixed point wireless local loop (WLL) ? voice over IP ? DSL(digital subscriber line) ? High end dsp operations ? 2G-3G wireless base stations ? software defined radio ? security processing â€Å"Traditional solutions such as FPGAs and DSPs lack the performance for high-bandwidth applications, and fixed function solutions like ASICs incur unacceptable limits Each product in the CS2000 family has the same fundamental functional blocks: a 32-bit RISC processor, a full-featured memory controller, a PCI controller, and a reconfigurable processing fabric, all of which are interconnected by a high-speed system bus. The above mentioned fabric comprises an array of reconfigurable tiles used to implement the desired algorithms. Each tile contains seven 32-bit reconfigurable datapath units, four blocks of local store memory, two 16Ãâ€"24-bit multipliers, and a control logic unit. Basic Architecture [pic] Components: ? 32-bit Risc ARC processor @125MHz ? 64 bit memory controller ? 32 bit PCI controller ? reconfigurable processing fabric (RPF) ? high speed system bus ? programmable I/O (160 pins) ? DMA Subsystem ? Configuration Subsystem More on the architecture of RPF 4 Slices with 3 Tiles in each. Each tile can be reconfigured at runtime Tiles contain : †¢ Datapath Units †¢ Local Store Memories †¢ 16Ãâ€"24 multipliers †¢ Control Logic Unit The C-SIDE design system is a fully integrated tool suite, with C compiler, Verilog synthesizer, full-chip simulator, as well as a debug and verification environment — an element not readily found in ASIC and FPGA design flows, according to Chameleon. Still, reconfigurable chips represent an attempt to combine the best features of hard-wired custom chips, which are fast and cheap, and programmable logic device (PLD) chips, which are flexible and easily brought to market. Unlike PLDs, QuickSilver's reconfigurable chips can be reprogrammed every few nanoseconds, rewiring circuits so they are processing global positioning satellite signals one moment or CDMA cellular signals the next, Think of the chips as consisting of libraries with preset hardware designs and chalkboards. Upon receiving instructions from software, the chip takes a hardware component from the library (which is stored as software in memory) and puts it on the chalkboard (the chip). The chip wires itself instantly to run the software and dispatches it. The hardware can then be erased for the next cycle. With this style of computing, its chips can operate 80 times as fast as a custom chip but still consume less power and board space, which translates into lower costs. The company believes that â€Å"soft silicon,† or chips that can be reconfigured on the fly, can be the heart of multifunction camcorders or digital television sets. With programmable logic devices, designers use inexpensive software tools to quickly develop, simulate, and test their designs. Then, a design can be quickly programmed into a device, and immediately tested in a live circuit. The PLD that is used for this prototyping is the exact same PLD that will be used in the final production of a piece of end equipment, such as a network router, a DSL modem, a DVD player, or an automotive navigation system. The two major types of programmable logic devices are field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Of the two, FPGAs offer the highest amount of logic density, the most features, and the highest performance FPGAs are used in a wide variety of applications ranging from data processing and storage, to instrumentation, telecommunications, and digital signal processing. To overcome these limitations and offer a flexible, cost-effective solution, many new entrants to the DSP market are extolling the virtues of configurable and reconfigurable DSP designs. This latest breed of DSP architectures promises greater flexibility to quickly adapt to numerous and fast-changing standards. Plus, they claim to achieve higher performance without adding silicon area, cost, design time, or power consumption. In essence, because the architecture isn't rigid, the reconfigurable DSP lets the developer tailor the hardware for a specific task, achieving the right size and cost for the target application. Moreover, the same platform can be reused for other applications. Because development tools are a critical part of this solution—in fact, they're true enablers—the newcomers also ensure that the tools are robust and tightly linked to the devices' flexible architectures. While providing an intuitive, integrated development environment for the designers, the manufacturers ensure affordability as well. RECONFIGURING THE ARCHITECTURE Some of the new configurable DSP architectures are reconfigurable too—that is, developers can modify their landscape on the fly, depending on the incoming data stream. This capability permits dynamic reconfigurability of the architecture as demanded by the application. Proponents of such chips are proclaiming an era of â€Å"chip-on-demand,† wherein new algorithms can be accommodated on-chip in real time via software. This eliminates the cumbersome job of fitting the latest algorithms and protocols into existing rigid hardware. A reconfigurable communications processor (RCP) can reconfigured for different processing algorithms in one clock cycle. Chameleon designers are revising the architecture to create a chip that can address a much broader range of applications. Plus, the supplier is preparing a new, more user-friendly suite of tools for traditional DSP designers. Thus, the company is dropping the term reconfigurability for the new architecture and going with a more traditional name, the streaming data processor (SDP). Though the SDP will include a reconfigurable processing fabric, it will be substantially altered, the company says. Unlike the older RCP, the new chip won't have the ARM RISC core, and it will support a much higher clock rate. Additionally, it will be implemented in a 0. 13- µm CMOS process to meet the signal processing needs of a much broader market. Further details await the release of SDP sometime in the first quarter of 2003. While Chameleon is in the redesign mode, QuickSilver Technologies is in the test mode. This reconfigurable proponent, which prefers to call its architecture an adaptive computing machine or ACM, has realized its first silicon test chip. In fact, the tests indicate that it outperforms a hardwired, fixed-function ASIC in processing compute-intensive cdma2000 algorithms, like system acquisition, rake finger, and set maintenance. For example, the ASIC's nominal speed for searching 215 phase offsets in a basic multipath search algorithm is 3. seconds. The ACM test chip took just one second at a 25-MHz clock speed to perform the same number of searches in a cdma2000 handset. Likewise, the device accomplishes over 57,000 adaptations per second in rake-finger operation to cycle through all operations in this application every 52  µs (Fig. 1). In the set-maintenance application, the chip is almost three times fa ster than an ASIC, claims QuickSilver. THE power of a computer stems from the fact that its behaviour can be changed with little more than a dose of new software. A desktop PC might, for example, be browsing the Internet one minute, and running a spreadsheet or entering the virtual world of a computer game the next. But the ability of a microprocessor (the chip that is at the heart of any PC) to handle such a variety of tasks is both a strength and a weakness—because hardware dedicated to a particular job can do things so much faster. Recognising this, the designers of modern PCs often hand over such tasks as processing 3-D graphics, decoding and playing movies, and processing sound—things that could, in theory, be done by the basic microprocessor—to specialist chips. These chips are designed to do their particular jobs extremely fast, but they are inflexible in comparison with a microprocessor, which does its best to be a jack-of-all-trades. So the hardware approach is faster, but using software is more flexible. At the moment, such reconfigurable chips are used mainly as a way of conjuring up specialist hardware in a hurry. Rather than designing and building an entirely new chip to carry out a particular function, a circuit designer can use an FPGA instead. This speeds up the design process enormously, because making changes becomes as simple as downloading a new configuration into the chip. Chameleon Systems also develops reconfigurable chips for the high-end telecom-switching market. RECONFIGURABLE PROCESSORS A reconfigurable processor is a microprocessor with erasable hardware that can rewire itself dynamically. This allows the chip to adapt effectively to the programming tasks demanded by the particular software they are interfacing with at any given time. Ideally, the reconfigurable processor can transform itself from a video chip to a central processing unit (cpu) to a graphics chip, for example, all optimized to allow applications to run at the highest possible speed. The new chips can be called a â€Å"chip on demand. † In practical terms, this ability can translate to immense flexibility in terms of device functions. For example, a single device could serve as both a camera and a tape recorder (among numerous other possibilities): you would simply download the desired software and the processor would reconfigure itself to optimize performance for that function. Reconfigurable processors, competing in the market with traditional hard-wired chips and several types of programmable microprocessors. Programmable chips have been in existence for over ten years. Digital signal processors (DSPs), for example, are high-performance programmable chips used in cell phones, automobiles, and various types of music players. While microprocessors have been the dominant devices in use for general-purpose computing for the last decade, there is still a large gap between the computational efficiency of microprocessors and custom silicon. Reconfigurable devices, such as FPGAs, have come closer to closing that gap, offering a 10x benefit in computational density over microprocessors, and often offering another potential 10x improvement in yielded functional density on low granularity operations. On highly regular computations, reconfigurable architectures have a clear superiority to traditional processor architectures. On tasks with high functional diversity, microprocessors use silicon more efficiently than reconfigurable devices. The BRASS project is developing a coupled architecture which allow a reconfigurable array and processor core to cooperate efficiently on computational tasks, exploiting the strengths of both architectures. We are developing an architecture and a prototype component that will combine a processor and a high performance reconfigurable array on a single chip. The reconfigurable array extends the usefulness and efficiency of the processor by providing the means to tailor its circuits for special tasks. The processor improves the efficiency of the reconfigurable array for irregular, general-purpose computation. We anticipate that a processor combined with reconfigurable resources can achieve a significant performance improvement over either a separate processor or a separate reconfigurable device on an interesting range of problems drawn from embedded computing applications. As such, we hope to demonstrate that this composite device is an ideal system element for embedded processing. Reconfigurable devices have proven extremely efficient for certain types of processing tasks. The key to their cost/performance advantage is that conventional processors are often limited by instruction bandwidth and execution restrictions or by an insufficient number or type of functional units. Reconfigurable logic exploits more program parallelism. By dedicating significantly less instruction memory per active computing element, reconfigurable devices achieve a 10x improvement in functional density over microprocessors. At the same time this lower memory ratio allows reconfigurable devices to deploy active capacity at a finer grained level, allowing them to realize a higher yield of their raw capacity, sometimes as much as 10x, than conventional processors. The high functional density characteristic of reconfigurable devices comes at the expense of the high functional diversity characteristic of microprocessors. Microprocessors have evolved to a highly optimized configuration with clear cost/performance advantages over reconfigurable arrays for a large set of tasks with high functional diversity. By combining a reconfigurable array with a processing core we hope to achieve the best of both worlds. While it is possible to combine a conventional processor with commercial reconfigurable devices at the circuit board level, integration radically changes the i/o costs and design point for both devices, resulting in a qualitatively different system. Notably, the lower on-chip communication costs allow efficient cooperation between the processor and array at a finer grain than is sensible with discrete designs. RECONFIGURABLE COMPUTING When we talk about reconfigurable computing we’re usually talking about FPGA-based system designs. Unfortunately, that doesn’t qualify the term precisely enough. System designers use FPGAs in many different ways. The most common use of an FPGA is for prototyping the design of an ASIC. In this scenario, the FPGA is present only on the prototype hardware and is replaced by the corresponding ASIC in the final production system. This use of FPGAs has nothing to do with reconfigurable computing. However, many system designers are choosing to leave the FPGAs as part of the production hardware. Lower FPGA prices and higher gate counts have helped drive this change. Such systems retain the execution speed of dedicated hardware but also have a great deal of functional flexibility. The logic within the FPGA can be changed if or when it is necessary, which has many advantages. For example, hardware bug fixes and upgrades can be administered as easily as their software counterparts. In order to support a new version of a network protocol, you can redesign the internal logic of the FPGA and send the enhancement to the affected customers by email. Once they’ve downloaded the new logic design to the system and restarted it, they’ll be able to use the new version of the protocol. This is configurable computing; reconfigurable computing goes one step further. Reconfigurable computing involves manipulation of the logic within the FPGA at run-time. In other words, the design of the hardware may change in response to the demands placed upon the system while it is running. Here, the FPGA acts as an execution engine for a variety of different hardware functions — some executing in parallel, others in serial — much as a CPU acts as an execution engine for a variety of software threads. We might even go so far as to call the FPGA a reconfigurable processing unit (RPU). Reconfigurable computing allows system designers to execute more hardware than they have gates to fit, which works especially well when there are parts of the hardware that are occasionally idle. One theoretical application is a smart cellular phone that supports multiple communication and data protocols, though just one a time. When the phone passes from a geographic region that is served by one protocol into a region that is served by another, the hardware is automatically reconfigured. This is reconfigurable computing at its best, and using this approach it is possible to design systems that do more, cost less, and have shorter design and implementation cycles. Reconfigurable computing has several advantages. ? First, it is possible to achieve greater functionality with a simpler hardware design. Because not all of the logic must be present in the FPGA at all times, the cost of supporting additional features is reduced to the cost of the memory required to store the logic design. Consider again the multiprotocol cellular phone. It would be possible to support as many protocols as could be fit into the available on-board ROM. It is even conceivable that new protocols could be uploaded from a base station to the handheld phone on an as-needed basis, thus requiring no additional memory. ? The second advantage is lower system cost, which does not manifest itself exactly as you might expect. On a low-volume product, there will be some production cost savings, which result from the elimination of the expense of ASIC design and fabrication. However, for higher-volume products, the production cost of fixed hardware may actually be lower. We have to think in terms of lifetime system costs to see the savings. Systems based on reconfigurable computing are upgradable in the field. Such changes extend the useful life of the system, thus reducing lifetime costs. ? The final advantage of reconfigurable computing is reduced time-to-market. The fact that you’re no longer using an ASIC is a big help in this respect. There are no chip design and prototyping cycles, which eliminates a large amount of development effort. In addition, the logic design remains flexible right up until (and even after) the product ships. This allows an incremental design flow, a luxury not typically available to hardware designers. You can even ship a product that meets the minimum requirements and add features after deployment. In the case of a networked product like a set-top box or cellular telephone, it may even be possible to make such enhancements without customer involvement. RECONFIGURABLE HARDWARE Traditional FPGAs are configurable, but not run-time reconfigurable. Many of the older FPGAs expect to read their configuration out of a serial EEPROM, one bit at a time. And they can only be made to do so by asserting a chip reset signal. This means that the FPGA must be reprogrammed in its entirety and that its previous internal state cannot be captured beforehand. Though these features are compatible with configurable computing applications, they are not sufficient for reconfigurable computing. In order to benefit from run-time reconfiguration, it is necessary that the FPGAs involved have some or all of the following features. The more of these features they have, the more flexible can be the system design. Deciding which hardware objects to execute and when Swapping hardware objects into and out of the reconfigurable logic Performing routing between hardware objects or between hardware objects and the hardware object framework. Of course, having software manage the reconfigurable hardware usually means having an embedded processor or microcontroller on-board. (We expect several vendors to introduce single-chip solutions that combine a CPU core and a block of reconfigurable logic by year’s end. The embedded software that runs there is called the run-time environment and is analogous to the operating system that manages the execution of multiple software threads. Like threads, hardware objects may have priorities, deadlines, and contexts, etc. It is the job of the run-time environment to organize this information and make decisions based upon it. The reason we need a run-time environment at all is th at there are decisions to be made while the system is running. And as human designers, we are not available to make these decisions. So we impart these responsibilities to a piece of software. This allows us to write our application software at a very high level of abstraction. To do this, the run-time environment must first locate space within the RPU that is large enough to execute the given hardware object. It must then perform the necessary routing between the hardware object’s inputs and outputs and the blocks of memory reserved for each data stream. Next, it must stop the appropriate clock, reprogram the internal logic, and restart the RPU. Once the object starts to execute, the run-time environment must continuously monitor the hardware object’s status flags to determine when it is done executing. Once it is done, the caller can be notified and given the results. The run-time environment is then free to reclaim the reconfigurable logic gates that were taken up by that hardware object and to wait for additional requests to arrive from the application software. The principal benefits of reconfigurable computing are the ability to execute larger hardware designs with fewer gates and to realize the flexibility of a software-based solution while retaining the execution speed of a more traditional, hardware-based approach. This makes doing more with less a reality. In our own business we have seen tremendous cost savings, simply because our systems do not become obsolete as quickly as our competitors because reconfigurable computing enables the addition of new features in the field, allows rapid implementation of new standards and protocols on an as-needed basis, and protects their investment in computing hardware. Whether you do it for your customers or for yourselves, you should at least consider using reconfigurable computing in your next design. You may find, as we have, that the benefits far exceed the initial learning curve. And as reconfigurable computing becomes more popular, these benefits will only increase. ADVANTAGES OF RECONFIGURABILITY The term reconfigurable computing has come to refer to a loose class of embedded systems. Many system-on-a-chip (SoC) computer designs provide reconfigurability options that provide the high performance of hardware with the flexibility of software. To most designers, SoC means encapsulating one or more processing elements—that is, general-purpose embedded processors and/or digital signal processor (DSP) cores—along with memory, input/output devices, and other hardware into a single chip. These versatile chips can erform many different functions. However, while SoCs offer choices, the user can choose only among functions that already reside inside the device. Developers also create ASICs—chips that handle a limited set of tasks but do them very quickly. The limitation of most types of complex hardware devices—SoCs, ASICs, and general-purp ose cpus—is that the logical hardware functions cannot be modified once the silicon design is complete and fabricated. Consequently, developers are typically forced to amortize the cost of SoCs and ASICs over a product lifetime that may be extremely short in today's volatile technology environment. Solutions involving combinations of cpus and FPGAs allow hardware functionality to be reprogrammed, even in deployed systems, and enable medical instrument OEMs to develop new platforms for applications that require rapid adaptation to input. The technologies combined provide the best of both worlds for system-level design. Careful analysis of computational requirements reveals that many algorithms are well suited to high-speed sequential processing, many can benefit from parallel processing capabilities, and many can be broken down into components that are split between the two. With this in mind, it makes sense to always use the best technology for the job at hand. Processors are best suited to general-purpose processing and high-speed sequential processing (as are DSPs), while FPGAs excel at high-speed parallel processing. The general-purpose capability of the cpu enables it to perform system management very well, and allows it to be used to control the content of the FPGAs contained in the system. This symbiotic relationship between cpus and FPGAs also means that the FPGA can off-load computationally intensive algorithms from the cpu, allowing the processor to spend more time working on general-purpose tasks such as data analysis, and more time communicating with a printer or other equipment. Conclusion These new chips called chameleon chips are able to rewire themselves on the fly to create the exact hardware needed to run a piece of software at the utmost speed. an example of such kind of a chip is a chameleon chip. his can also be called a â€Å"chip on demand† Reconfigurable computing goes a step beyond programmable chips in the matter of flexibility. It is not only possible but relatively commonplace to â€Å"rewrite† the silicon so that it can perform new functions in a split second. Reconfigurable chips are simply the extreme end of programmability. † Highly flexible processors that can be reconfigured remotely in the field, Chameleon's chips are des igned to simplify communication system design while delivering increased price/performance numbers. The chameleon chip is a high bandwidth reconfigurable communications processor (RCP). it aims at changing a system's design from a remote location. this will mean more versatile handhelds. Its applications are in, data-intensive Internet,DSP,wireless basestations, voice compression, software-defined radio, high-performance embedded telecom and datacom applications, xDSL concentrators,fixed wireless local loop, multichannel voice compression, multiprotocol packet and cell processing protocols. Its advantages are that it can create customized communications signal processors ,it has increased performance and channel count, and it can more quickly adapt to new requirements and standards and it has lower development costs and reduce risk. A FUTURISTIC DREAM One day, someone will make a chip that does everything for the ultimate consumer device. The chip will be smart enough to be the brains of a cell phone that can transmit or receive calls anywhere in the world. If the reception is poor, the phone will automatically adjust so that the quality improves. At the same time, the device will also serve as a handheld organizer and a player for music, videos, or games. Unfortunately, that chip doesn't exist today. It would require †¢ flexibility †¢ high performance †¢ low power †¢ and low cost But we might be getting closer. Now a new kind of chip may reshape the semiconductor landscape. The chip adapts to any programming task by effectively erasing its hardware design and regenerating new hardware that is perfectly suited to run the software at hand. These chips, referred to as reconfigurable processors, could tilt the balance of power that has preserved a decade-long standoff between programmable chips and hard-wired custom chips. These new chips are able to rewire themselves on the fly to create the exact hardware needed to run a piece of software at the utmost speed. an example of such kind of a chip is a chameleon chip. this can also be called a â€Å"chip on demand† â€Å"Reconfigurable computing goes a step beyond programmable chips in the matter of flexibility. It is not only possible but relatively commonplace to â€Å"rewrite† the silicon so that it can perform new functions in a split second. Reconfigurable chips are simply the extreme end of programmability. † If these adaptable chips can reach a cost-performance parity with hard-wired chips, customers will chuck the static hard-wired solutions. And if silicon can indeed become dynamic, then so will the gadgets of the information age. No longer will you have to buy a camera and a tape recorder. You could just buy one gadget, and then download a new function for it when you want to take some pictures or make a recording. Just think of the possibilities for the fickle consumer. Programmable logic chips, which are arrays of memory cells that can be programmed to perform hardware functions using software tools, are more flexible than DSP chips but slower and more expensive For consumers, this means that the day isn't far away when a cell phone can be used to talk, transmit video images, connect to the Internet, maintain a calendar, and serve as entertainment during travel delays — without the need to plug in adapter hardware REFERENCES BOOKS Wei Qin Presentation , Oct 2000 (The part of the presentation regarding CS2000 is covered in this page) †¢ IEEE conference on Tele-communication, 2001. WEBSITES †¢ www. chameleon systems. com †¢ www. thinkdigit. com †¢ www. ieee. org †¢ www. entecollege. com †¢ www. iec. org †¢ www. quicksilver technologies. com †¢ www. xilinx. com ABSTRACT Chameleon chips are chips whose circuitry can be tailored specifically for the p roblem at hand. Chameleon chips would be an extension of what can already be done with field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAS). An FPGA is covered with a grid of wires. At each crossover, there's a switch that can be semipermanently opened or closed by sending it a special signal. Usually the chip must first be inserted in a little box that sends the programming signals. But now, labs in Europe, Japan, and the U. S. are developing techniques to rewire FPGA-like chips anytime–and even software that can map out circuitry that's optimized for specific problems. The chips still won't change colors. But they may well color the way we use computers in years to come. It is a fusion between custom integrated circuits and programmable logic. n the case when we are doing highly performance oriented tasks custom chips that do one or two things spectacularly rather than lot of things averagely is used. Now using field programmed chips we have chips that can be rewired in an instant. Thus the benefits of customization can be brought to the mass market. CONTENTS ? INTRODUCTION ? CHAMELEON CHIPS ? ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION ? FPGA ? CS2112 ? RECONFIGURING T HE ARCHITECTURE ? RECONFIGURABLE PROCESSORS ? RECONFIGURABLE COMPUTING ? RECONFIGURABLE HARDWARE ? ADVANTAGES OF RECONFIGURABILITY ? CONCLUSION [pic]

Tata Motors

TATA MOTORS I. INTRODUCTION Tata Group is an Indian multinational company headquartered MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA. Tata group business is spread across 7 sectors their main sector being steels. Their empire is spread across 6 continents and has its presence in 80 nations. The combined market capitalization of all the 31 listed Tata companies was $89. 88 billion as of March 2012. Tata group gets its major revenue from overseas market contributing 58%. Tata Motors Limited is an Indian multinational manufacturing company. It is a subsidiary of the Tata group.Its products include passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses and military vehicles. It is the worlds 18th largest motor vehicle manufacturing company, fourth-largest truck manufacturer and second-largest bus manufacturer by volume. In Forbes fortune 500 companies Tata motors occupies 314th position. With the launch of Tata sierra in the year in 1991 Tata motors entered the passenger car segment. Tata Motors acquired the South Korean truck manufacturer Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company in 2004 and the British premium carmaker Jaguar Land Rover in 2008.Tata Motors has vehicle assembly operations in India, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Thailand, Spain and South Africa. It plans to establish plants in  Turkey, Indonesia and Eastern Europe. Tata Motors' principal subsidiaries include Jaguar Land Rover, Tata Daewoo and Tata Hispano. Tata Motors has consolidated revenue of 32. 5 billion USD in the financial year 2011-2012. Tata motors have an employee base of more than 55,000 employees. Tata motor is the first Indian company from the engineering sector to be listed in the New York stock exchange. II. SWOT ANALYSIS OF TATA MOTORS LIMITEDSTRENGTHS: 1) Strong domestic presence: Tata has a strong presence in Indian market and it is a key manufacturer of commercial vehicles. It is the leading producer in commercial vehicles in all segment and they are among the top 3 producers in passenger vehicles market. Tat a motor company is India’s largest company with the revenue of 1,233,133 crore in the year 2010-2011. 2) Tata motors not only have the strategy for expansion and acquisitions but also they have the intensive management development program in order to develop the leaders of tomorrow. ) Taste and preference of the consumers in local regions is always taken care of in Tata motors. 4) Tata motors have a long list of product portfolios. It has passenger cars, commercial vehicles, trucks and coaches WEAKNESS 1) Tata motors cars are considered for economy class people and not in luxury car segment. So the company lacks its place in luxury car segment. 2) Though Tata cars are present in worldwide it has created major customer base only in India and its nearby countries like Bangladesh, srilanka, Pakistan. 3) The consumer base is limited to certain areas and certain people. ) Tata cars are not following the safety standards. Their design and the body metal used leads to this types of public image. This is a major concern for Tata. Their major example is their Tata Nano. 5) Tata cars are not for the younger generation consumers. Tata cars design is not been attracted by the people of the younger generation of people. 6) Return on investment in Tata motors shares is very low. 7) Even though they have bought luxury car manufacturers Jaguar and Land rover Tata has not made its strong presence in luxury car segment. OPPORTUNITIES: ) Luxury carmaker jaguar and land rover has added a greater advantage to its product portfolio. 2) Tata has a major support from the Indian government. 3) High market demand for the passenger car segment with low price. 4) The world is geared up for the greener revolution and there is a huge market for alternate fuel vehicles. THREATS: 1) Tata cars safety standards can lay down the public trust on their varied portfolio of cars. 2) Other car companies are there for more than 40 years so Tata should learn the production and quality from othe r car manufacturing vehicles. ) The economic conditions of the world countries. The downfall of the economic conditions and the constant fluctuations in the currency rates 4) For a low cost producer sustainability and environmental causes would be a greater concern. 5) Rising cost in the global economy for the steel and raw materials for the production of car can increase the cost of production of car. Most of the cars manufactured by Tata run on Diesel and cost of the Diesel is also increasing around the world and also in home country. GROWTH STRATEGYTata motors growth strategy is to have a position, which is not easily taken up by other competitors in the domestic market, and to expand its market to other countries by 1) Leveraging in house capabilities 2) Through strategic acquisitions and mergers to have a added advantage of their capabilities. In the year 1984 Tata Motors launched Light Commercial Vehicle. In the Year 1996 SUV (sierra) was launched by Tata. In the year 1998 Tat a launched its First passenger car. In the year 2004 Tata acquired Daewoo a Korean company. In the year 2005 Tata Acquired in Hispano, SpainFormed an industrial JV with Fiat, JV in India with Marco polo of Brazil, JV in Thailand with Thonburi In the year 2007. Acquisition of JLR took place in the year 2008. ACQUISITIONS AND JOINT VENTURES: TATA MOTORS AND MORCOPOLO; Tata formed a 51:49 Joint venture With Brazil based Marcopolo for manufacturing of Buses. Targeting mass rapid transportation this joint venture between Tata and Marcopolo manufactures and assembles fully built buses technical know – how support from Tata and process and Body design from Marcopolo. TATA AND FIAT: Tata formed a 50:50 JV with Fiat.With that Joint venture fiat supplied their Engines to Tata cars and Tata motors took care of selling Fiat cars through their dealers. ACQUISITIONS: TATA – DAEWOO Tata motors acquired Daewoo commercial vehicle of South Korea in the year 2004. The reason behind the a cquisition of Daewoo was to reduce the too much exposure in the domestic market and to expand Internationally. The acquisition of Tata and Daewoo lead to the 2nd largest manufacturer of Trucks in South Korea. TATA- HISPANO: In 2005 Tata motors acquired 21% of stakes in Hispano which lead to an opportunity in fully built bus segment.Hispano is European bus manufacturer. In 2009 it acquired the remaining 79% of the stakes by making Hispano their fully owned subsidiary. JAGUAR LAND ROVER: IN the year 2008 when the ford motor company sold JLR to Tata motors it JLR became the wholly owned Subsidiary of Tata motors. Thus by acquiring JLR Tata motors made its foot print in the luxury car segment. It was also one of the greatest acquisitions. It increased the diversity of market segments and their product portfolio. It created a great opportunity for Tata to enter into to Luxury segment with the world’s iconic brand.MARKETING MIX OF TATA MOTORS: 1) PRODUCT: Tata has a wide variety of vehicles placed in different segments. It has vehicles for commercial purposes, Passenger vehicles and in defense sectors also. They have the product placement in all the segments. 2) PRICE: Tata motorcars are generally affordable. Tata motors are targeting the middle-income class of people. Their cars are generally affordable and their service cost is also affordable when compared to the other car manufactures in India. They also manufacture the world’s cheapest car (Tata Nano).They also target the High-income group of people with the acquisition of JLR. The vehicle should not be priced high from other competitors and it should not be priced too low. 3) PROMOTION: a) Personal Selling: Advertising and after sales service is the main promotion strategy of Tata Motors. The basic aspect of advertising is to how you tell the message and what is the medium to tell message. Personal selling is more of in Tata Motors. With the customers who are in the intention to make a sale Tata motors dealers do a personal talk with the customers. b) Trade Fairs and Exhibition:Trade fairs and Exhibitions can promote their new concepts and they can introduce their new vehicles. This type of fairs will get a worldwide attention and recognition for their new models. Auto expo will be a meeting for both the consumers and for the trade. This will increase the awareness among the consumers. c) Sponsorship: It is that Tata motors will be associated with some sports events or events. This will help the Brand to get recognition among the persons who is associated with those events. Tata motors are sponsoring a football game in Spain. d) Advertisements:To create more awareness among the consumers Television Advertisements is also used. Radio advertisements are done to create awareness among the rural consumers. For detailed information print media is also concentrated. DISTRIBUTION OF TATA MOTORS: DMS Technology is used for efficient coordination between the dealers who are spread w orldwide. Apart from distribution networks it has also distributed its manufacturing units in various countries apart from India. Tata motors have assembly units in Brazil, Bangladesh, Thailand, and South Africa. Supply Chain excellence is one of the major success factors for Tata motors.Tata motors distribution and logistics part of the business is outsourced to Tata motors Distribution Company limited (TDCL) that is the wholly owned subsidiary of Tata motors to keep their distribution costs minimum. Through this Tata motors is reducing at least 1% of their distribution and they can concentrate on their core business. TDCL delivers the right product in right time and in right place, which in turn offered flexibility for Tata Motors. Supplier relationship management program and dealer management system bound the suppliers and dealers. Time to time reviews of these programs ensures the program work effectively.Importance is given for supplier coverage and transaction within the organ ization. FINANACE STRATEGIES OF TATA MOTORS: Financial loss in the year 2001 was really a shock for the Tata Motors. It was caused by the reduce in demand for their Truck segment and heavy Investment for their entry into passenger car segment caused them heavy loss for Tata Motors. It caused a 110 million $ loss to the Tata motors. So in 2001 Tata motors decided a 3-phase recovery process each phase is for 2 years totally the process is for 6 years. PHASE 1: To stop the bleedingPHASE 2: To consolidate the position in the Indian market. PHASE 3: To operate Internationally. For phase 1 the key objective was to reduce the Break-even point and to move into market pricing which was the technique of cost reduction. Benchmarking its rivals is also a cost reduction technique. E- sourcing is new to India when Tata went into it. But today Tata is the largest company using e- sourcing and it is leading in the automobile industry. E- sourcing is a faster way to conducting Tenders in online. E- sourcing reduced the Break- even point to one third from two third of their utilization of capacity.The company would be even more profitable when the size is reduced to even 60%. This ensured the bleeding of the company is stopped. For phase 2 to make the product more competitive in the market they improvised in the quality of the product and new product was introduced in the market they would be required by the market for another three to five years. By tightening the credit norms and by improving the liquidity and by new sales planning process and by increasing the profitability of dealers they can strengthen their market place.For phase 3 Tata motors started to identify the international market where there is more potential and where they can earn more respectable market share. â€Å"Tata motors sales (Including Exports) Commercial and passenger vehicles = 71,826 as of august 2012 From the year 2011 to 2012 it has increased by 12% Domestic market Commercial and passenger market = 67,453 as of August 2012 59,874 as of august 2011 It has increased by 4% â€Å" http://www. tatamotors. com/media/press-releases. php? id=783 â€Å"